The study examined the effects of sociolinguistic background, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological working memory (WM) on heritage language (L1) and second language (L2) skills in Heritage Bilingual (HB) children attending preschool, considering relationships between L1 and L2 abilities. A total of 108 HB children completed vocabulary, morphosyntactic, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological WM tasks in both L1 and Italian (L2). Sociolinguistic background, including socio-economic status and linguistic history, was assessed through parental interviews. The analysis of reciprocal correlations between L1 and L2 showed within-language relationships and cross-language correlations only for morphosyntactic skills. Sociolinguistic background significantly influenced vocabulary skills, particularly in L1, while nonverbal reasoning impacted morphosyntactic skills, especially in L2. The findings highlight the importance of supporting families in enriching linguistic input in the heritage language and underscore the role of nonverbal reasoning and phonological WM in developing L2 competencies.
Lo studio ha esaminato gli effetti del background sociolinguistico, del ragionamento non verbale e della memoria di lavoro (WM) fonologica sulle competenze nella lingua di famiglia (L1) e nella seconda lingua (L2) nei bambini con bilinguismo familiare (Heritage Bilingualism, HB) frequentanti la scuola dell’infanzia, considerando le relazioni tra le abilità in L1 e in L2. Un totale di 108 bambini HB ha svolto compiti di vocabolario e morfosintassi sia nella L1 sia in italiano (L2), oltre a compiti di ragionamento non verbale e di WM fonologica. Il background sociolinguistico, inclusi lo status socio-economico e la storia linguistica, è stato valutato tramite interviste ai genitori. L’analisi delle correlazioni reciproche tra L1 e L2 ha mostrato relazioni significative all’interno di ciascuna lingua e correlazioni interlinguistiche solo per le competenze morfosintattiche. Il background sociolinguistico ha influenzato in modo significativo le competenze lessicali, in particolare nella L1, mentre il ragionamento non verbale ha inciso sulle competenze morfosintattiche, soprattutto nella L2. I risultati evidenziano l’importanza di sostenere l’input linguistico nella lingua di famiglia e sottolineano il ruolo del ragionamento non verbale e della memoria di lavoro fonologica nello sviluppo delle competenze nella L2.
Cangelosi, M., Affranti, A., Borghetti, C., Bonifacci, P. (2026). Differential effects of sociolinguistic background, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological WM skills on heritage bilingual children’s L1 and L2 competencies. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE, First on line, 1-21 [10.1017/s0305000925100457].
Differential effects of sociolinguistic background, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological WM skills on heritage bilingual children’s L1 and L2 competencies
Cangelosi, MartinaPrimo
Formal Analysis
;Affranti, AlexandraSecondo
Investigation
;Borghetti, ClaudiaPenultimo
Writing – Review & Editing
;Bonifacci, Paola
Ultimo
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
2026
Abstract
The study examined the effects of sociolinguistic background, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological working memory (WM) on heritage language (L1) and second language (L2) skills in Heritage Bilingual (HB) children attending preschool, considering relationships between L1 and L2 abilities. A total of 108 HB children completed vocabulary, morphosyntactic, nonverbal reasoning, and phonological WM tasks in both L1 and Italian (L2). Sociolinguistic background, including socio-economic status and linguistic history, was assessed through parental interviews. The analysis of reciprocal correlations between L1 and L2 showed within-language relationships and cross-language correlations only for morphosyntactic skills. Sociolinguistic background significantly influenced vocabulary skills, particularly in L1, while nonverbal reasoning impacted morphosyntactic skills, especially in L2. The findings highlight the importance of supporting families in enriching linguistic input in the heritage language and underscore the role of nonverbal reasoning and phonological WM in developing L2 competencies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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