Optimizing artificial lighting for convolutional neural network-based crop monitoring with low-cost RGB imaging in indoor cultivation

This study investigated the effect of different red:blue (R:B) spectral light ratios on the performance of a multi-task convolutional neural network (CNN) model developed for the automatic classification of four horticultural species and their corresponding phenological stages under controlled artificial lighting conditions. The model was trained and tested using RGB images acquired under five distinct spectral treatments (R:B 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9), and its performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). For species classification, the best results were obtained with an R:B 1, achieving an accuracy of 86 %, precision of 87 %, recall of 85 %, F1-score of 85 %, and MCC of 0.81. In terms of phenological stage classification, the highest performance was observed at R:B 3 and R:B 5, both yielding 93 % accuracy and F1-score, precision and recall above 92 %, and an MCC of 0.86. These findings demonstrate that the multi-task CNN model is capable of learning robust and generalizable representations, maintaining high classification performance even under non-optimal spectral conditions. The integration of optimized artificial lighting with intelligent classifiers proves to be a strategic approach for automated monitoring systems in indoor and precision agriculture. Future research should explore the impact of additional spectral components (e.g., green or far-red wavelengths) and the adoption of more advanced neural architectures to further enhance the system’s robustness and scalability.