Gut microbiota and its pivotal role in the welfare of the animals

The gut microbiota has been reported to have a pivotal role in physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss the functional implications of the gut microbiota not only on immunity, growth, and metabolism but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on wild and zoo-housed animals are scarce. There are few studies regarding animals’ health and welfare status concerning the gut microbiota (higher alpha diversity, beneficial composition, and positive functions). The gut microbiota is effectively influenced by health characteristics, immunity, behaviors, and stress response in animals, which would provide a novel approach to measure and evaluate the health status and welfare of animals. It is concluded that the gut microbiota can be scientifically used to assess and improve the welfare of animals. The gut microbiota is a promising tool to evaluate and improve animal welfare