On the linkages between traceability levels and expected and actual traceability costs and benefits in the Italian fishery supply chain

EC Regulation no.178/2002 introduced mandatory traceability for all food operators, but they can choose the level of traceability capacity. We propose a conceptual model incorporating three distinct indices of traceability capacity – breadth, depth and precision - that affect associated costs and benefits. We empirically test the model by regression analyses, using data collected on a sample of 60 Italian fish processors/wholesalers. While higher precision corresponds with larger perceived benefits, an increasing traceability breadth raises both the implementation and the operating costs. A measure of the extent of the discrepancy between expected and actual costs and benefits is also established. Implications are discussed in light of future uptake of continuously advancing traceability technologies and services.