Photovoltaic scavenging systems: Modeling and optimization

The interest in embedded portable systems and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that scavenge energy from the environment has been increasing over the last years. Thanks to the progress in the design of low-power circuits, such devices consume less and less power and are promising candidates to perform continued operation by the use of renewable energy sources. The adoption of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques in photovoltaic scavengers increases the energy harvesting efficiency and leads to several benefits such as the possibility to shrink the size of photovoltaic modules and energy reservoirs. Unfortunately, the optimization of this process under non-stationary light conditions is still a key design challenge and the development of a photovoltaic harvester has to be preceded by extensive simulations. We propose a detailed model of the solar cell that predicts the instantaneous power collected by the panel and improves the simulation of harvester systems. Furthermore, the paper focuses on a methodology for optimizing the design of MPPT solar harvesters for self-powered embedded systems and presents improvements in the circuit architecture with respect to our previous implementation. Experimental results show that the proposed design guidelines allow to increment global efficiency and to reduce the power consumption of the scavenger.