Physiological responses in roots of the grapevine rootstock 140 Ruggeri subjected to Fe deficiency and Fe-heme nutrition

Background and aims In many important viticultural areas of the Mediterranean basin, plants often face prolonged periods of scarce iron (Fe) availability in the soil.The objective of the present work was to perform a comparative analysis of physiological and biochemical responses of Vitis genotypes to severe Fe deficiency. Methods Three grapevine rootstocks differing in susceptibility to Fe chlorosis were grown with and without Fe in the nutrient solution. Results Rootstock 101-14, susceptible to Fe chlorosis, responded to severe Fe deficiency by reducing the root activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and malate dehydrogenase(MDH),however,it accumulated high levels of citric acid. By contrast, rootstock 110 Richter, tolerant to Fe chlorosis, maintained an active metabolism of organic acids,but citric acid accumulation was lower than in101-14.Similarly to101-14, rootstock SO4 showed a strong decrease in PEPC and MDH activities. Nevertheless it maintained moderate citric acid levels in the roots, mimicking the response by 110 Richter. Conclusions Root PEPC and MDH activities can be used as tools for screening Fe chlorosis tolerance. Conversely, organic acids accumulation in roots may not be a reliable indicator of Fe chlorosis tolerance, particularly under conditions of severe Fe deficiency, because of their probable exudation by roots.Our results show that drawing sound conclusions from screening programs involving Fe deficiency tolerance requires short as well as long-term assessment of responses to Fe deprivation.