7-ketocholesterol as marker of cholesterol oxidation in model and food systems: when and how

Cholesterol can undergo oxidation through enzymatic or chemical mechanisms, generating a wide range of oxidation products (COPs) with adverse biological effects. COPs are characterized by different functional groups and are produced in different ratios or amounts, depending on the treatment and storage conditions. To follow the cholesterol oxidation process, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) has been often used as an oxidation marker in both model and food systems, since it is easily formed and is one of the most representative ring COPs. However, 7-KC does not always rise with increasing time/temperature conditions, especially in complex systems and high-protein or extensively processed foods. The following review provides a critical picture of the utilization of 7-KC as a cholesterol oxidation marker in model and food systems, focusing on the possible causes and effects of the different behaviours and trends, as well as on the advantages and disadvantages of using 7-KC when the extent of cholesterol oxidation is to be assessed.