Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria

Chemical contamination of milk represents a relevant food safety concern, particularly in countries where systematic monitoring programs are still limited. In Algeria, information on human exposure to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination remains fragmented or lacking. This study assessed the occurrence of AFM1 and 17 PFAS in cow and goat milk and explored farm-level management practices potentially influencing contamination. Bulk-tank milk samples were collected from 26 dairy cattle and 11 dairy goat farms. Farm characteristics, including feeding strategies, water sources, grazing practices, and herd size, were recorded using structured questionnaires to characterize farm-level practices and explore their potential association with contamination patterns. AFM1 was detected in all samples. In cow milk, 96.1% exceeded the EU limit (0.05 & micro;g/kg), with concentrations ranging from 0.048 to 0.410 & micro;g/kg (mean: 0.102 & micro;g/kg), although none exceeded the Codex Alimentarius limit (0.50 & micro;g/kg). Goat milk showed a lower prevalence of samples above the EU limit (36.4%), but higher concentrations were observed (range 0.030-0.578 & micro;g/kg; mean 0.193 & micro;g/kg), with two samples (18.2%) exceeding the Codex limit. PFAS contamination was generally low: 73.0% of cow and 64.0% of goat samples were below detection limits, with only PFBS (cow milk) and PFDA (goat milk) quantified above LOQ. Because of the limited number of farms and the single sampling period, no robust associations could be established between farm-level variables and contaminant concentrations. This preliminary study provides an exploratory overview of AFM1 and PFAS occurrence in bovine and goat bulk milk from the sampled Algerian farms. These findings reveal widespread AFM1 contamination within the investigated farms, consistent with possible feed-borne AFB1 exposure, whereas PFAS occurrence appeared sporadic and generally low.