Developing an extension framework to promote drone technology adoption in rice cultivation: Evidence from expert insights in Iran

The adoption of drone technology is increasingly recognized as a strategic pathway for improving agricultural productivity and supporting sustainable rural development, particularly in developing countries. However, the effective integration of drones into farming systems depends heavily on the capacity of agricultural extension services to facilitate knowledge transfer, awareness creation, and informed decision-making among farmers. This study aims to develop a comprehensive extension framework to promote drone technology adoption in rice cultivation in Iran. Using a qualitative research design, semistructured interviews were conducted with experts, researchers, and extension specialists involved in smart agriculture and drone applications. The collected data were analyzed through thematic coding to identify key components, enabling conditions, and extension requirements for facilitating adoption. Findings highlight the importance of institutional support, tailored training programs, policy incentives, and cross-sectoral collaboration in strengthening farmers’ readiness to adopt drone technologies. The proposed framework provides practical guidance for extension systems and policymakers seeking to advance technological innovation and modernize rice production in developing-country contexts.