Liver Transplantation for Colorectal Metastases: Impact of a Standardised Protocol for Patient Selection on Transplant Outcomes

Background: Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) occur in up to 50% of colorectal cancer with a significant impact on patient survival, of whom only 20–30% will be considered suitable for surgical treatment. Despite the progress in systemic therapies, palliative chemotherapy alone results in a 5-year overall survival (OS) < 10%. Recently, liver transplantation (LT) has been reconsidered as an option and demonstrates improved survival in highly selected patients. This study assessed the impact of implementing a standardised patient selection protocol (LITORALE) on post-transplant outcomes for unresectable CRLM (uCRLM) at a high-volume single centre. Methods: This is a prospective observational study including all consecutive patients transplanted for uCRLM at our institution between July 2015 and September 2024. This prospective observational study evaluated the impact of the LITORALE protocol on post-transplant outcomes in uCRLM patients at a single centre. Patients who underwent LT between July 2015 and September 2024 were grouped into pre-LITORALE (2015–2021) and LITORALE (post-2021) cohorts. Recipient profiles, transplant variables, and post-transplant outcomes were compared. Results: Twenty-one patients were included (eight pre-LITORALE, thirteen LITORALE). The LITORALE group had a lower median number of lesions (4 vs. 17.5, p = 0.004), a smaller major lesion size (3 cm vs. 5.5 cm, p = 0.082), and a significantly lower tumour burden score (6.32 vs. 18.02, p = 0.002). Similar to recent major clinical trials, one- and three-years OS were 100% and 83%, respectively, after protocol introduction; recurrence patterns were significantly different, with reduced multi-site recurrences (7.7% vs. 50%, p = 0.048) and a higher incidence of lung-only recurrences in the LITORALE group (50% vs. 0%, p = 0.033). Conclusions: The introduction of the LITORALE protocol significantly influenced patient selection and recurrence patterns in LT for uCRLM. Although the limited number of patients and the short study timespan highlight the need for future validation, these preliminary results support the adoption of structured, multidisciplinary criteria to optimise oncologic outcomes.