Combined Use of eXtended Reality Technologies for Training the Operator 5.0 the PROXIMA Project

Extended Reality (XR), combining Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), is transforming human-machine interaction in manufacturing by facilitating complex system design and operator training. Traditionally, VR and AR have been utilised separately-VR for virtual simulations and validation, and AR for on-site assistance. Training operators in modern manufacturing (Operator 5.0) demands integrated approaches that merge virtual scenarios with real-world applications, enhancing learning outcomes and user experience (UX). The PROXIMA project introduces an integrated XR platform designed explicitly for Operator 5.0 training, combining VR and AR into a seamless, collaborative environment. PROXIMA addresses technological and educational gaps by enabling smooth interaction between physical and virtual contexts through spatially aware multimedia content generated in AR and used within immersive VR scenarios. The platform's usability and educational effectiveness were assessed through a structured pilot study involving 35 apprentices, utilising the System Usability Scale (SUS) and qualitative feedback. Results indicated strong usability (average SUS score of 73.2), high participant engagement, improved procedural knowledge, and positive educational outcomes. User feedback informed system enhancements, particularly for AR content creation and VR navigation. PROXIMA thus significantly advances integrated XR training solutions, effectively bridging technological innovation and pedagogical practice within Industry 5.0.