Diverse values of nature can drive transformative change in the WEFE nexus governance in Mediterranean countries

The water–energy–food–ecosystem (WEFE) nexus has emerged as a useful concept to describe and address complex interdependencies in natural resource governance. However, most existing research predominantly emphasizes biophysical and economic dimensions, overlooking the social and cultural dimensions of the nexus and how communities perceive and value these interconnections at diverse local scales. This study aims to bridge this gap by integrating the Diverse Values of Nature framework (IPBES) and the Human–Nature Connectedness (HNC) framework into WEFE nexus research, to explore how communities relate to WEFE systems and how these relations influence and shape the perception of well-being and sustainable natural resources governance. We conducted 110 semi-structured interviews across seven Mediterranean case studies (Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, and Italy), focusing on agricultural actors. The interviews were analyzed to identify value types (instrumental, intrinsic, and relational), HNC dimensions (material, experiential, cognitive, emotional, and philosophical), and links to diverse components of human well-being, which local actors associated with their WEFE nexus systems across the seven case studies. Results reveal that instrumental values dominate across the analyzed case studies, while intrinsic and relational values also play a crucial role in shaping governance priorities. In addition, the emotional and philosophical dimension of HNC emerged as key leverage points for governance transformations of the WEFE nexus. Additionally, case-specific contrasts and variations (e.g., varying levels of emotional bonds attached to diverse WEFE nexus systems) highlight the important need for applying context-sensitive and place-based approaches. Based on these findings, we argue that integrating non-monetary values, context-sensitive approaches, and human–nature relationships into WEFE governance could be essential for recognizing and supporting diverse worldviews, local knowledge systems, and cultural identities. This study contributes to advancing nexus thinking by demonstrating how social values and human–nature connections, not just monetary or biophysical trade-offs, in systems can inform transformative changes in WEFE nexus approaches and natural resource governance. This study advances nexus thinking beyond technical efficiency, advocating for inclusive, adaptive, and equity-centered approach.