Prospecting silicon-based agroecological agroforestry systems for counteracting climate change

Background Most research on silicon (Si) has focused on high or intermediate Si-accumulating species, leaving a knowledge gap on the role of Si in low Si-accumulating plants, fruit trees and other woody species. However, Si can provide ecological and agricultural benefits across a broad range of families. Agroecological (AE) and agroforestry (AF) systems, particularly in Mediterranean climates, are of great interest for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and land degradation and offer opportunities to integrate knowledge on Si to enhance agroecosystem health. Scope This review provides insights into i) Si accumulation in fruit trees, woody forestry species, timber species, and shrubs and its benefits in fruit trees, ii) Si cycling in the plant-soil system, iii) and discusses the potential for Si-mediated improvements in AE and AF systems. Conclusion The review underscores benefits of Si application on fruit tree crops, high Si-accumulation and phytolith formation in woody species, while discussing how knowledge on Si cycling in forest ecosystems and rhizosphere processes can be applied in AE and AF systems. Silicon accumulation by deep-rooted woody species may lead to increased availability of Si and other elements by mineral weathering, carbon (C) sequestration, and Si-recycling by litter or root turnover, which could be exploited, together with soil management, to improve Si nutrition in intercropped species. The adoption of agronomic strategies, including Si-efficient rootstocks, appears relevant for improving agroecosystem resilience, especially in climate vulnerable ecosystems like the Mediterranean region.