The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

Adriani, O.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Alhebsi, A. R.; Alshamsi, M.; Alves Garre, S.; Ambrosone, A.; Ameli, F.; Andre, M.; Aphecetche, L.; Ardid, M.; Ardid, S.; Aublin, J.; Badaracco, F.; Bailly-Salins, L.; Bardačová, Z.; Baret, B.; Bariego-Quintana, A.; Becherini, Y.; Bendahman, M.; Benfenati Gualandi, F.; Benhassi, M.; Bennani, M.; Benoit, D. M.; Berbee, E.; Berti, E.; Bertin, V.; Betti, P.; Biagi, S.; Boettcher, M.; Bonanno, D.; Bottai, S.; Bouasla, A. B.; Boumaaza, J.; Bouta, M.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Bozza, R. M.; Brânzaş, H.; Bretaudeau, F.; Breuhaus, M.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Bruno, R.; Buis, E.; Buompane, R.; Busto, J.; Caiffi, B.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Carenini, F.; Carretero, V.; Cartraud, T.; Castaldi, P.; Cecchini, V.; Celli, S.; Cerisy, L.; Chabab, M.; Chen, A.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Clark, R.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Condorelli, A.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; Dallier, R.; De Benedittis, A.; De Wasseige, G.; Decoene, V.; Deguire, P.; Del Rosso, I.; Di Mauro, L. S.; Di Palma, I.; Díaz, A. F.; Diego-Tortosa, D.; Distefano, C.; Domi, A.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Drakopoulou, E.; Drouhin, D.; Ducoin, J. -G.; Duverne, P.; Dvornický, R.; Eberl, T.; Eckerová, E.; Eddymaoui, A.; Van Eeden, T.; Eff, M.; Van Eijk, D.; El Bojaddaini, I.; El Hedri, S.; El Mentawi, S.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Ferrara, G.; Filipović, M. D.; Filippini, F.; Franciotti, D.; Fusco, L. A.; Gal, T.; García Méndez, J.; Garcia Soto, A.; Gatius Oliver, C.; Geißelbrecht, N.; Genton, E.; Ghaddari, H.; Gialanella, L.; Gibson, B. K.; Giorgio, E.; Goos, I.; Goswami, P.; Gozzini, S. R.; Gracia, R.; Guillon, B.; Haack, C.; Van Haren, H.; Heijboer, A.; Hennig, L.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Idrissi, A.; Idrissi Ibnsalih, W.; Illuminati, G.; Jaimes, R.; Janik, O.; Joly, D.; De Jong, M.; De Jong, P.; Jung, B. J.; Kalaczyński, P.; Keegans, J.; Kikvadze, V.; Kistauri, G.; Kopper, C.; Kouchner, A.; Kovalev, Y. Y.; Krupa, L.; Kueviakoe, V.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Kvatadze, R.; Labalme, M.; Lahmann, R.; Lamoureux, M.; Larosa, G.; Lastoria, C.; Lazar, J.; Lazo, A.; Le Stum, S.; Lehaut, G.; Lemaître, V.; Leonora, E.; Lessing, N.; Levi, G.; Lindsey Clark, M.; Longhitano, F.; Magnani, F.; Majumdar, J.; Malerba, L.; Mamedov, F.; Manfreda, A.; Manousakis, A.; Marconi, M.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Markou, C.; Martin, L.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Mastroianni, S.; Mauro, J.; Mehta, K. C. K.; Miele, G.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Mitsou, M. L.; Mollo, C. M.; Morales-Gallegos, L.; Mori, N.; Moussa, A.; Mozun Mateo, I.; Muller, R.; Musone, M. R.; Musumeci, M.; Navas, S.; Nayerhoda, A.; Nicolau, C. A.; Nkosi, B.; Ó Fearraigh, B.; Oliviero, V.; Orlando, A.; Oukacha, E.; Pacini, L.; Paesani, D.; Palacios González, J.; Papalashvili, G.; Papini, P.; Parisi, V.; Parmar, A.; Gomez, E. J. Pastor; Pastore, C.; Păun, A. M.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Peña Martínez, S.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Pestel, V.; Petropavlova, M.; Piattelli, P.; Plavin, A.; Poirè, C.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Prado, J.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quiroz-Rangel, C. A.; Randazzo, N.; Ratnani, A.; Razzaque, S.; Rea, I. C.; Real, D.; Riccobene, G.; Robinson, J.; Romanov, A.; Ros, E.; Šaina, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sánchez Losa, A.; Sanfilippo, S.; Sanguineti, M.; Santonocito, D.; Sapienza, P.; Scaringella, M.; Scarnera, M.; Schnabel, J.; Schumann, J.; Seneca, J.; Sennan, N.; Sevle Myhr, P. A.; Sgura, I.; Shanidze, R.; Shao, Chengyu; Sharma, A.; Shitov, Y.; Šimkovic, F.; Simonelli, A.; Sinopoulou, A.; Spisso, B.; Spurio, M.; Starodubtsev, O.; Stavropoulos, D.; Štekl, I.; Stocco, D.; Taiuti, M.; Takadze, G.; Tayalati, Y.; Thiersen, H.; Thoudam, S.; Tosta E Melo, I.; Trocmé, B.; Tsourapis, V.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Ukleja, A.; Vacheret, A.; Valsecchi, V.; Van Elewyck, V.; Vannoye, G.; Vannuccini, E.; Vasileiadis, G.; Vazquez De Sola, F.; Veutro, A.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Van Vliet, A.; De Wolf, E.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zito, D.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097

The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.

Adriani, O., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alhebsi, A.R., Alshamsi, M., Alves Garre, S., et al. (2026). The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 1083, 1-10 [10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097].

The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

Adriani, O.;Aiello, S.;Albert, A.;Alhebsi, A. R.;Alshamsi, M.;Alves Garre, S.;Ambrosone, A.;Ameli, F.;Andre, M.;Aphecetche, L.;Ardid, M.;Ardid, S.;Aublin, J.;Badaracco, F.;Bailly-Salins, L.;Bardačová, Z.;Baret, B.;Bariego-Quintana, A.;Becherini, Y.;Bendahman, M.;Benfenati Gualandi, F.;Benhassi, M.;Bennani, M.;Benoit, D. M.;Berbee, E.;Berti, E.;Bertin, V.;Betti, P.;Biagi, S.;Boettcher, M.;Bonanno, D.;Bottai, S.;Bouasla, A. B.;Boumaaza, J.;Bouta, M.;Bouwhuis, M.;Bozza, C.;Bozza, R. M.;Brânzaş, H.;Bretaudeau, F.;Breuhaus, M.;Bruijn, R.;Brunner, J.;Bruno, R.;Buis, E.;Buompane, R.;Busto, J.;Caiffi, B.;Calvo, D.;Capone, A.;Carenini, F.;Carretero, V.;Cartraud, T.;Castaldi, P.;Cecchini, V.;Celli, S.;Cerisy, L.;Chabab, M.;Chen, A.;Cherubini, S.;Chiarusi, T.;Circella, M.;Clark, R.;Cocimano, R.;Coelho, J. A. B.;Coleiro, A.;Condorelli, A.;Coniglione, R.;Coyle, P.;Creusot, A.;Cuttone, G.;Dallier, R.;De Benedittis, A.;De Wasseige, G.;Decoene, V.;Deguire, P.;Del Rosso, I.;Di Mauro, L. S.;Di Palma, I.;Díaz, A. F.;Diego-Tortosa, D.;Distefano, C.;Domi, A.;Donzaud, C.;Dornic, D.;Drakopoulou, E.;Drouhin, D.;Ducoin, J. -G.;Duverne, P.;Dvornický, R.;Eberl, T.;Eckerová, E.;Eddymaoui, A.;van Eeden, T.;Eff, M.;van Eijk, D.;El Bojaddaini, I.;El Hedri, S.;El Mentawi, S.;Enzenhöfer, A.;Ferrara, G.;Filipović, M. D.;Filippini, F.;Franciotti, D.;Fusco, L. A.;Gal, T.;García Méndez, J.;Garcia Soto, A.;Gatius Oliver, C.;Geißelbrecht, N.;Genton, E.;Ghaddari, H.;Gialanella, L.;Gibson, B. K.;Giorgio, E.;Goos, I.;Goswami, P.;Gozzini, S. R.;Gracia, R.;Guillon, B.;Haack, C.;van Haren, H.;Heijboer, A.;Hennig, L.;Hernández-Rey, J. J.;Idrissi, A.;Idrissi Ibnsalih, W.;Illuminati, G.;Jaimes, R.;Janik, O.;Joly, D.;de Jong, M.;de Jong, P.;Jung, B. J.;Kalaczyński, P.;Keegans, J.;Kikvadze, V.;Kistauri, G.;Kopper, C.;Kouchner, A.;Kovalev, Y. Y.;Krupa, L.;Kueviakoe, V.;Kulikovskiy, V.;Kvatadze, R.;Labalme, M.;Lahmann, R.;Lamoureux, M.;Larosa, G.;Lastoria, C.;Lazar, J.;Lazo, A.;Le Stum, S.;Lehaut, G.;Lemaître, V.;Leonora, E.;Lessing, N.;Levi, G.;Lindsey Clark, M.;Longhitano, F.;Magnani, F.;Majumdar, J.;Malerba, L.;Mamedov, F.;Manfreda, A.;Manousakis, A.;Marconi, M.;Margiotta, A.;Marinelli, A.;Markou, C.;Martin, L.;Mastrodicasa, M.;Mastroianni, S.;Mauro, J.;Mehta, K. C. K.;Miele, G.;Migliozzi, P.;Migneco, E.;Mitsou, M. L.;Mollo, C. M.;Morales-Gallegos, L.;Mori, N.;Moussa, A.;Mozun Mateo, I.;Muller, R.;Musone, M. R.;Musumeci, M.;Navas, S.;Nayerhoda, A.;Nicolau, C. A.;Nkosi, B.;Ó Fearraigh, B.;Oliviero, V.;Orlando, A.;Oukacha, E.;Pacini, L.;Paesani, D.;Palacios González, J.;Papalashvili, G.;Papini, P.;Parisi, V.;Parmar, A.;Gomez, E. J. Pastor;Pastore, C.;Păun, A. M.;Păvălaş, G. E.;Peña Martínez, S.;Perrin-Terrin, M.;Pestel, V.;Petropavlova, M.;Piattelli, P.;Plavin, A.;Poirè, C.;Popa, V.;Pradier, T.;Prado, J.;Pulvirenti, S.;Quiroz-Rangel, C. A.;Randazzo, N.;Ratnani, A.;Razzaque, S.;Rea, I. C.;Real, D.;Riccobene, G.;Robinson, J.;Romanov, A.;Ros, E.;Šaina, A.;Salesa Greus, F.;Samtleben, D. F. E.;Sánchez Losa, A.;Sanfilippo, S.;Sanguineti, M.;Santonocito, D.;Sapienza, P.;Scaringella, M.;Scarnera, M.;Schnabel, J.;Schumann, J.;Seneca, J.;Sennan, N.;Sevle Myhr, P. A.;Sgura, I.;Shanidze, R.;Shao, Chengyu;Sharma, A.;Shitov, Y.;Šimkovic, F.;Simonelli, A.;Sinopoulou, A.;Spisso, B.;Spurio, M.;Starodubtsev, O.;Stavropoulos, D.;Štekl, I.;Stocco, D.;Taiuti, M.;Takadze, G.;Tayalati, Y.;Thiersen, H.;Thoudam, S.;Tosta e Melo, I.;Trocmé, B.;Tsourapis, V.;Tzamariudaki, E.;Ukleja, A.;Vacheret, A.;Valsecchi, V.;Van Elewyck, V.;Vannoye, G.;Vannuccini, E.;Vasileiadis, G.;Vazquez de Sola, F.;Veutro, A.;Viola, S.;Vivolo, D.;van Vliet, A.;de Wolf, E.;Lhenry-Yvon, I.;Zavatarelli, S.;Zito, D.;Zornoza, J. D.;Zúñiga, J.

2026

Abstract

The KM3NeT research infrastructure comprises two neutrino telescopes located in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea, namely ORCA and ARCA. KM3NeT/ORCA is designed for the measurement of neutrino properties and KM3NeT/ARCA for the detection of high-energy neutrinos from the cosmos. Neutrinos are indirectly detected using three-dimensional arrays of photo-sensors which detect the Cherenkov light that is produced when relativistic charged particles emerge from a neutrino interaction. The analogue pulses from the photo-sensors are digitised offshore and all digital data are sent to a station on shore where they are processed in real time using a farm of commodity servers and custom software. In this paper, the design and performance of the software that is used to filter the data are presented. The performance of the data filter is evaluated in terms of its efficiency, purity and capacity. The efficiency is measured by the effective volumes of the sensor arrays as a function of the energy of the neutrino. The purity is measured by a comparison of the event rate caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Earth's atmosphere with the event rate caused by the background from decays of radioactive elements in the sea water and bioluminescence. The capacity is measured by the minimal number of servers that is needed to sustain the rate of incoming data. The results of these evaluations comply with all specifications. The count rates of all photo-sensors are measured with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. These data are input to the simulations of the detector response and will also be made available for interdisciplinary research.

Scheda breve

Scheda completa

Scheda completa (DC)

	Anno
	
				2026
			
	Rivista
	
				NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
			
	Codice DOI
	
				https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097
			
	Citazione
	
				Adriani, O., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Alhebsi, A.R., Alshamsi, M., Alves Garre, S., et al. (2026). The online data filter for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 1083, 1-10 [10.1016/j.nima.2025.171097].
			
	Tutti gli autori
	
						Adriani, O.; Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Alhebsi, A. R.; Alshamsi, M.; Alves Garre, S.; Ambrosone, A.; Ameli, F.; Andre, M.; Aphecetche, L.; Ardid, M.; Ar...espandi

File in questo prodotto:

Eventuali allegati, non sono esposti

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1029331

Attenzione

Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo

Citazioni

ND

0

ND

CRIS Current Research Information System