Voltage Regulation Service Pricing in Cyber-Physical Distribution Networks With Multi-Dimensional Meteorological Uncertainties

Uncertainties of distributed renewable energy and load demand induced by meteorological factors pose a significant challenge to the voltage quality of the distribution network. This paper addresses this issue from a cyber-physical perspective, by proposing a novel voltage regulation (VR) service pricing for the distribution network. Specifically, an improved nonparametric kernel density estimation method characterized by adaptive variable bandwidth is proposed to measure the coupling among different meteorological factors. The intervals of photovoltaic power and air-conditioning load are defined by a novel affine algorithm with high performance, integrated with mandatory boundary and space approximation techniques. The distribution-level VR market is based on an affiliated layered communication architecture characterized by cloud-edge-terminal collaboration and message queue telemetry transport protocol. A grid-aware voltage regulation interval optimization model is proposed to determine the voltage regulation service price through an electrical distance-based rule. Case studies show that the proposed price can significantly facilitate robust VR decisions, promote the voltage-friendly behavior of VR service providers, and reduce the VR cost by about 20.96% compared to the currently adopted pricing mechanisms.