The freshwater discharge into the Adriatic Sea revisited

The present study reconstructs the river discharge climatology and its respective historical series for all rivers of the Adriatic Sea with averaged climatological daily river discharge above 1 m3s−1, to reach a better representation of the Adriatic rivers in hydrodynamic models and, consequently, to develop a more realistic freshwater balance in the different regions of the hydrographic basin. Based on the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) data set, a careful method of identification and selection of the Adriatic rivers, followed by a rigorous assessment against observational data, was developed to evaluate the current state of the Adriatic river discharges and their respective trends throughout several climate indicators from 1991 to 2022. Observational data are limited to 85% of the identified rivers, totaling 98% of the overall freshwater input into the Adriatic Sea. The results confirm that the Shallow Northern Adriatic receives the largest freshwater inputs with a daily average exceeding 2,400 m3s−1, which amounts to 61% of the overall Adriatic discharges. Consequently, this region guides the freshwater seasonal cycle of the Adriatic Sea, which presents a well-defined pattern of two flood peaks in late autumn and late spring, separated by a minimum discharge period at mid-summer. From the Central to the Southern Adriatic subregions, the absence of snow-melting effects prevents the secondary flood peak during the spring, shaping the seasonal cycle of river discharges from a single flood peak in late autumn to a drought period in August. The 32 years of continuous river discharge data reveal a negligible trend in the overall Adriatic Sea but a negative trend for the last decade (2013–2022). This decadal decrease is driven by the extreme drought that drastically pounded the northern Adriatic in 2022.