Nature-based solutions performance versus man-made hazards: a literature review for enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure.

Policymakers in Europe and beyond prioritize nature-based solutions (NBS) as a crucial strategy to tackle societal challenges, including mitigating the impact of climate change and contributing to the achievement of international goals. Risk management and resilience can be improved over conventional approaches, which is of utmost importance today, as Europe is not only confronted with several natural hazards but also with manmade threats. Therefore, to ensure the maximum effectivity of NBS, it is crucial to comprehend and enhance their capacity for preventing and enduring malicious attacks. Specifically, this paper lays the foundation for the Horizon Europe project titled "City nature-based solutions integration to local urban infrastructure protection for a climateresilient society" (NBSINFRA). The paper explores the role of NBS in safeguarding infrastructure against man-made hazards while simultaneously being susceptible to such threats. Results revealed NBS interventions that effectively mitigate such threats and other NBS more vulnerable to man-made hazards, jeopardizing public safety and contributing to criminal activities if inadequately designed. Based on this review of the literature, landscape architecture and NBS implementation seem to already exploring how the integration of nature and urban environments can safeguard cities and their inhabitants not only from natural hazards but also potential humanmade risks.