Complete genome sequence and antimicrobial resistance analysis of ESBL-producing Shigella sonnei carrying small cryptic plasmids isolated in northern Italy.

Objectives: Herein, we sequenced and assembled the genome of a Shigella sonnei isolate carrying several small plasmids using a hybrid approach that combined Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina platforms. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was conducted using the Illumina iSeq 100 and Oxford Nanopore MinION systems, and the resulting reads were used for hybrid genome assembly via Unicycler. Coding sequences were annotated using RASTtk, while genes involved in antimicrobial resistance and virulence were identified using AMRFinderPlus. Plasmid nucleotide sequences were aligned to the NCBI non-redundant database using BLAST, and replicons were identified using PlasmidFinder. Results: The genome consisted of 1 chromosome (4 801 657 bp), 3 major plasmids (212 849 bp, 86 884 bp, and 83 425 bp, respectively) and 12 small cryptic plasmids (ranging from 8390 bp to 1822 bp). BLAST analysis revealed that all plasmids were highly similar to previously deposited sequences. Genome annotation predicted 5522 coding regions, including 19 antimicrobial resistance genes and 17 virulence genes. Four of the antimicrobial resistance genes were located in small plasmids, and four of the virulence genes were located in a large virulence plasmid. Conclusion: The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in small cryptic plasmids may represent an overlooked mechanism for the propagation of these genes among bacterial populations. Our work provides new data on these elements that may inform the development of new strategies to control the spread of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacterial strains.