Neural Correlates and Molecular Mechanisms of Memory and Learning

Memory and learning are essential cognitive processes that enable us to obtain, retain, and recall information. These factors are crucial for survival, adaptation, and creativity. However, the neural and molecular mechanisms that underlie these cognitive functions are not fully elucidated. For decades, researchers have been fascinated by the neurobiological and molecular basis of acquiring, storing, and retrieving information. Recent neuroimaging technologies have provided valuable insights into underlying neuroanatomical brain circuits. The amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are pivotal for shaping memory and facilitating learning. The amygdala, recognized for its significance in emotional processing, interacts with downstream structures such as the hypothalamus and brainstem regions, influencing the expression of emotionally charged responses. The inhibitory mechanisms within the amygdala, including specific divisions and nuclei, contribute to memory modulation. The hippocampus, which is essential for spatial navigation and contextual memory, forms direct projections with the infralimbic cortex in the PFC and the basolateral amygdala. Distinct subregions of the hippocampus have been implicated in various human behavioral features, highlighting their multifaceted roles in cognitive processes.