Background: Our aim was to estimate the rates of not achieving a robust/above-average humoral response to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH) who received ≥2 doses and to investigate the role of the CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio in predicting the humoral response. Methods: We evaluated the humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 response 1-month after the second and third doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine as a proportion of not achieving a robust/above-average response using two criteria: (i) a humoral threshold identified as a correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 (<90% vaccine efficacy): anti-RBD < 775 BAU/mL or anti-S < 298 BAU/mL, (ii) threshold of binding antibodies equivalent to average neutralization activity from the levels of binding (nAb titer < 1:40): anti-RBD < 870 BAU/mL or anti-S < 1591 BAU/mL. PLWH were stratified according to the CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio at first dose. Logistic regression was used to compare the probability of not achieving robust/above-average responses. A mixed linear model was used to estimate the mean anti-RBD titer at various time points across the exposure groups. Results: a total of 1176 PLWH were included. The proportions of participants failing to achieve a robust/above-average response were significantly higher in participants with a lower CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio, specifically, a clearer gradient was observed for the CD4 count. The CD4 count was a better predictor of the humoral response of the primary cycle than ratio. The third dose was pivotal in achieving a robust/above-average humoral response, at least for PLWH with CD4 > 200 cells/mm3 and a ratio > 0.6. Conclusions: A robust humoral response after a booster dose has not been reached by 50% of PLWH with CD4 < 200 cells mm3. In the absence of a validated correlate of protections in the Omicron era, the CD4 count remains the most solid marker to guide vaccination campaigns in PLWH.

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Response in People Living with HIV According to CD4 Count and CD4/CD8 Ratio / Vergori A.; Tavelli A.; Matusali G.; Azzini A.M.; Augello M.; Mazzotta V.; Pellicano G.F.; Costantini A.; Cascio A.; De Vito A.; Marconi L.; Righi E.; Sartor A.; Pinnetti C.; Maggi F.; Bai F.; Lanini S.; Piconi S.; Levy Hara G.; Marchetti G.; Giannella M.; Tacconelli E.; d'Arminio Monforte A.; Antinori A.; Cozzi-Lepri A.. - In: VACCINES. - ISSN 2076-393X. - ELETTRONICO. - 11:11(2023), pp. 1664.1-1664.14. [10.3390/vaccines11111664]

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Response in People Living with HIV According to CD4 Count and CD4/CD8 Ratio

Marconi L.;Giannella M.;
2023

Abstract

Background: Our aim was to estimate the rates of not achieving a robust/above-average humoral response to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH) who received ≥2 doses and to investigate the role of the CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio in predicting the humoral response. Methods: We evaluated the humoral anti-SARS-CoV-2 response 1-month after the second and third doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine as a proportion of not achieving a robust/above-average response using two criteria: (i) a humoral threshold identified as a correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 (<90% vaccine efficacy): anti-RBD < 775 BAU/mL or anti-S < 298 BAU/mL, (ii) threshold of binding antibodies equivalent to average neutralization activity from the levels of binding (nAb titer < 1:40): anti-RBD < 870 BAU/mL or anti-S < 1591 BAU/mL. PLWH were stratified according to the CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio at first dose. Logistic regression was used to compare the probability of not achieving robust/above-average responses. A mixed linear model was used to estimate the mean anti-RBD titer at various time points across the exposure groups. Results: a total of 1176 PLWH were included. The proportions of participants failing to achieve a robust/above-average response were significantly higher in participants with a lower CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio, specifically, a clearer gradient was observed for the CD4 count. The CD4 count was a better predictor of the humoral response of the primary cycle than ratio. The third dose was pivotal in achieving a robust/above-average humoral response, at least for PLWH with CD4 > 200 cells/mm3 and a ratio > 0.6. Conclusions: A robust humoral response after a booster dose has not been reached by 50% of PLWH with CD4 < 200 cells mm3. In the absence of a validated correlate of protections in the Omicron era, the CD4 count remains the most solid marker to guide vaccination campaigns in PLWH.
2023
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Response in People Living with HIV According to CD4 Count and CD4/CD8 Ratio / Vergori A.; Tavelli A.; Matusali G.; Azzini A.M.; Augello M.; Mazzotta V.; Pellicano G.F.; Costantini A.; Cascio A.; De Vito A.; Marconi L.; Righi E.; Sartor A.; Pinnetti C.; Maggi F.; Bai F.; Lanini S.; Piconi S.; Levy Hara G.; Marchetti G.; Giannella M.; Tacconelli E.; d'Arminio Monforte A.; Antinori A.; Cozzi-Lepri A.. - In: VACCINES. - ISSN 2076-393X. - ELETTRONICO. - 11:11(2023), pp. 1664.1-1664.14. [10.3390/vaccines11111664]
Vergori A.; Tavelli A.; Matusali G.; Azzini A.M.; Augello M.; Mazzotta V.; Pellicano G.F.; Costantini A.; Cascio A.; De Vito A.; Marconi L.; Righi E.; Sartor A.; Pinnetti C.; Maggi F.; Bai F.; Lanini S.; Piconi S.; Levy Hara G.; Marchetti G.; Giannella M.; Tacconelli E.; d'Arminio Monforte A.; Antinori A.; Cozzi-Lepri A.
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