Indigenous heritage and ontological conflicts in the southcentral Andes

Taking inspiration from the epistemological potential of the Aymara concept of taypi this contribution aims to show the persistence of Indigenous peoples’ self-determination and community governance in contemporary heritage politics. A multi-sited archaeological ethnography across Tiwanaku (Bolivia) and the Calchaquí Valleys (Tucumán, Argentina) brings to light the long memories of anti-colonial resistance in the southcentral Andes and visualizes heritage-making practices in their ecological dimension, bridging multiple temporalities and territorial relatedness. The resulting picture figures a deep-seated tension between regulatory policies that adjust indigenous heritage to universal classifications and values embedded in the modern nation-state imaginaries, and emancipatory politics in which heritage claims are entangled with the social reproduction of community life and with the reparation of historical injustices. This twofold political dimension materializes in the legal artefact of the free, prior, informed consultation (FPIC), whose long memory of ambiguity is traced down to the early day of colonization. The paper argues that consent-seeking mechanisms create an intermediate space where universal and place-based worldmaking designs converge. Locating these gray areas in time and space is crucial for addressing intercultural histories and future-oriented practices of heritage rights.