Progress in the Study of Cardiovascular Physiology During the Italian Renaissance

: This short report underlines the importance of collaboration and communication among scientists. The ideals of progress in medicine and in the care of suffering people have represented continuous stimuli allowing to overcome prejudices, religious and political differences. The modern concepts of blood circulation have been established through a close collaboration and exchanges of ideas among scientists coming from different countries, different religious and political backgrounds. In those days Europe was theater of continuous wars based on political and religious contrasts. There were continuous outbreaks of Plague in several countries. Religious contrasts occurred inside the Christianity and between the Christianity and Islam; contrasts which were based on theological disputes associated with economic and expansionist ambitions, resulting in extreme and rigid religious orthodoxy. Despite these difficulties, medical scientists collaborated overcoming the close boundaries of everyday general confrontations. The ambition for advancement in science and for progress with the potential consequent common good inspired a general sense of community and drove to overcome the boundaries based on contrasts. Science, scientific thinking, dedication to research and to improve knowledge represented yesterday and continue to represent today the common ambition to break down cultural, religious and economic walls. The generosity of science is superior to the superstition of contrasts and arrogance. A message we can bring from the past back to the future and back to today.