Bristles formation in adhesive pads and sensilli of the gecko Tarentola mauritanica derive from a massive accumulation of corneous material in Oberhautchen cells of the epidermis

Among lizards, geckos possess special digital scales modified as hairy-like lamellae that allow attachment to vertical substrates for the movement using adhesive nanoscale filaments called setae. The present study shows new ultrastructural details on setae formation in the gecko Tarentula mauritanica. Setae derive from the special differentiation of an epidermal layer termed Oberhauchen and can reach 30–60 μm in length. Oberhautchen cells in the adhesive pad lamellae becomes hypertrophic and rest upon 2 layers of non-corneous and pale cells instead of beta-cells like in the other scales. Only 1–2 beta-layers are formed underneath the pale layer. Setae derive from the accumulation of numerous roundish and heterogenous beta-packets with variable electron-density in Oberhautchen cells, possibly indicating a mixed protein composition. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling for CBPs show that beta-packets merge at the base of the growing setae forming long corneous bundles. Pale cells formed underneath the Oberhautchen layer contain small vesicles or tubules with a likely lipid content, sparse keratin filaments and ribosomes. In mature lamellae these cells merge with Oberhautchen and beta-cells forming a thin electron-paler layer located between the Oberhautchen and the thin beta-layer, a variation of the typical sequence of epidermal layers present in other scales. The formation of a softer pale layer and of a thin beta-layer likely determines a flexible corneous support for the adhesive setae. The specific molecular mechanism that stimulates the cellular changes observed during Oberhautche