Pratiche di inclusione ed esclusione in classe. Socializzazione e organizzazione sociale nel gruppo dei pari

This study investigates children’s peer practices in two primary schools in Italy, focusing on the ordinary and the Italian L2 classroom. The study is informed by the paradigm of language socialization and considers peer interactions as a ‘double opportunity space’, allowing both children’s co-construction of their social organization and children’s sociolinguistic development. These two foci of attention are explored on the basis of children’s concrete practices in the classroom: the analysis focuses on children’s social interactions and on the verbal, embodied, and material resources that children agentively deploy during their mundane activities in the peer group. The study is based on a video ethnography that lasted nine months. Approximately 30 hours of classroom interactions were video-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed with an approach that combines the micro-analytic instruments of Conversation Analysis and the use of ethnographic information. Three main social phenomena were selected for analysis: (a) children’s enactment of the role of the teacher in the Italian L2 classroom, (b) children’s reproduction of must-formatted institutional rules, and (c) children’s argumentative strategies during peer conflict. The insights of the analyses can be subsumed into three major areas. First, the study highlights the centrality of the institutional frame for children’s peer interactions in the classroom: children creatively reproduce and deploy institutional ‘entities’ for their local purposes. Second, children socialize their classmates to the linguistic, social, and moral expectations of the context in and through various practices. These practices might foster children’s social inclusion and favor non-native children’s complicated apprenticeship period in the new community. Third, the analyzed practices are germane to the local negotiation of children’s social organization and hierarchy. In this regard, the study casts light on several practices through which children exclude their peers by denying access to the ongoing activity or by marginalizing them through negative category ascription. Therefore, the thesis underlines that children’s peer interactions are both a resource for children’s sociolinguistic development and a potentially problematic locus where social exclusion is constructed and brought to bear. These insights are relevant for teachers’ professional practice. Children’s peer interactions are a resource that can be integrated in everyday didactics. Nevertheless, the role of the teacher in supervising and steering children’s peer practices appears crucial: an acritical view of children’s autonomous work, often implied in teaching methods such as peer tutoring, needs to be problematized.