Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are defined as infections contracted in a hospital or any healthcare facility after at least 48 hours of hospitalization. Incidence of HAIs is scarcely documented in veterinary medicine; however, it is supposed to be on the rise and run in parallel with the increment of susceptible patients and invasive procedures performed in veterinary hospitals. Generally, microorganisms associated with HAIs are multidrug-resistant bacteria. The most susceptible hosts to causative pathogens of HAI are small animals hospitalised in the intensive care unit, while the most common sites of infection are the following: urinary tract, lungs, bloodstream, and surgical site. The institution of an ICP in a healthcare facility is a key element in monitoring and contrasting the occurrence of HAIs. Personal hygiene and protection, including hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment should be associated with standardized procedures of cleaning and disinfection of the hospital environment and proper isolation and aborting of patients according to their infectious risk. ICP should include surveillance systems (active, targeted, passive, or syndromic) finalized to monitor health events, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and other potential risk factors associated with HAIs. Moreover, a coordinated antimicrobial stewardship policy in the VH should guide an appropriate use of antimicrobials to maximise their benefit, while causing the least harm. Finally, for an effective application of an ICP it is essential to increase the awareness, through education and training of the healthcare personnel, as well as of students and animal owners, on the risks related to HAIs, including zoonoses, and on the importance of the rigorous observation of the preventive measures.

Le infezioni correlate all’assistenza (ICA) sono definite come infezioni contratte in ospedale o in qualsiasi struttura sanitaria dopo almeno 48 ore di ricovero. La prevalenza di ICA è scarsamente documentata nelle strutture veterinarie, tuttavia si suppone che l’incidenza complessiva sia in aumento negli ospedali veterinari per un incremento dei pazienti sensibili esposti e delle procedure invasive eseguite. I microrganismi associati a ICA sono generalmente batteri multiresistenti. Gli ospiti più sensibili allo sviluppo di ICA sono animali ricoverati in unità di terapia intensiva, mentre le infezioni più comunemente riportate sono le seguenti: infezioni del tratto urinario, infezioni del torrente circolatorio, infezioni del sito chirurgico e polmoniti. L’istituzione di un programma di controllo delle infezioni (ICP) nelle strutture sanitarie con l’adozione delle appropriate misure preventive rappresenta il mezzo più efficace per monitorare, contrastare e ridurre l’incidenza di ICA. L’igiene e la protezione personale, compresa l’igiene delle mani e l’uso dei dispositivi di protezione individuale, dovrebbero essere associate a procedure standardizzate di sanificazione dell’ambiente ospedaliero e ad un adeguato isolamento dei pazienti in base al rischio infettivo. L’ICP dovrebbe includere sistemi di sorveglianza (attiva, mirata, passiva o sindromica) finalizzati a monitorare gli eventi sanitari, la prevalenza della resistenza antimicrobica e altri potenziali fattori di rischio associati a ICA. Inoltre, una politica coordinata di gestione antimicrobica nelle strutture veterinarie dovrebbe guidare un uso appropriato degli antibiotici per massimizzarne i benefici, causando al contempo il minor danno. Infine, per un’applicazione effettiva ed efficace di un ICP è fondamentale aumentare la consapevolezza, tramite programmi di educazione ed aggiornamento, del personale sanitario, nonché di studenti e proprietari degli animali, sui rischi relativi alle ICA, incluse le possibili zoonosi, e sull’importanza di una rigorosa osservazione delle misure di prevenzione.

Cola V, Troia R, Giunti M (2022). Healthcare associated infections in companion animals: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention [Infezioni correlate all'assistenza negli animali da compagnia: Epidemiologia, fattori di rischio e prevenzione]. VETERINARIA, 36(3), 103-111.

Healthcare associated infections in companion animals: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention [Infezioni correlate all'assistenza negli animali da compagnia: Epidemiologia, fattori di rischio e prevenzione]

Cola V
Primo
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
;
Troia R
Secondo
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
;
Giunti M
Writing – Review & Editing
2022

Abstract

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are defined as infections contracted in a hospital or any healthcare facility after at least 48 hours of hospitalization. Incidence of HAIs is scarcely documented in veterinary medicine; however, it is supposed to be on the rise and run in parallel with the increment of susceptible patients and invasive procedures performed in veterinary hospitals. Generally, microorganisms associated with HAIs are multidrug-resistant bacteria. The most susceptible hosts to causative pathogens of HAI are small animals hospitalised in the intensive care unit, while the most common sites of infection are the following: urinary tract, lungs, bloodstream, and surgical site. The institution of an ICP in a healthcare facility is a key element in monitoring and contrasting the occurrence of HAIs. Personal hygiene and protection, including hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment should be associated with standardized procedures of cleaning and disinfection of the hospital environment and proper isolation and aborting of patients according to their infectious risk. ICP should include surveillance systems (active, targeted, passive, or syndromic) finalized to monitor health events, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and other potential risk factors associated with HAIs. Moreover, a coordinated antimicrobial stewardship policy in the VH should guide an appropriate use of antimicrobials to maximise their benefit, while causing the least harm. Finally, for an effective application of an ICP it is essential to increase the awareness, through education and training of the healthcare personnel, as well as of students and animal owners, on the risks related to HAIs, including zoonoses, and on the importance of the rigorous observation of the preventive measures.
2022
Cola V, Troia R, Giunti M (2022). Healthcare associated infections in companion animals: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention [Infezioni correlate all'assistenza negli animali da compagnia: Epidemiologia, fattori di rischio e prevenzione]. VETERINARIA, 36(3), 103-111.
Cola V; Troia R; Giunti M
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/907782
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