From histology to sonography in skin and superficial tissue disorders: EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM* approach

Background: In clinical practice, ultrasound assessment of the skin and superficial tissues is progressively becoming a valuable diagnostic tool to support physical examination in the outpatient setting.Objectives: The aim of this study was to define a standardized sonographic approach to (layer-by-layer) accurately evaluate multiple histological layers of the skin and superficial tissues.Methods: Using high-frequency ultrasound probes and high-level ultrasound machines, we matched the histo-logical microarchitecture of superficial tissues with multiple sonographic patterns in physiological and patho-logical conditions. Moreover, high-sensitive color/power Doppler assessments have also been performed to evaluate the microcirculation.Results: Modern equipment allow for a detailed "sonographic dissection" of the skin and superficial tissues by evaluating different histological layers in various clinical scenarios. High-sensitive Doppler imaging clearly de-picts the microvasculature, especially of pathologies.Conclusions: In clinical practice, using adequate technological equipment, a detailed sonographic assessment of the superficial (soft) tissues can be performed with the use of high-frequency B-mode and high-sensitive Doppler imaging.