Approximating compact objects in bootstrapped Newtonian gravity: use of the canonical potential

We consider compact objects in a classical and non-relativistic generalisation of Newtonian gravity, dubbed bootstrapped Newtonian theory, which includes higher-order derivative interaction terms of the kind generically present in the strong-field regime of gravity. By means of a field redefi- nition, the original bootstrapped Newtonian action is written in a canonical Newtonian form with non-linear source terms. Exact analytic solutions remain unattainable, but we show that perturbative solutions of the canonical theory can be effi- ciently used to derive approximate descriptions of compact objects. In particular, using the canonical potential, we can more directly and generally show that the Arnowitt–Deser– Misner mass differs from the (Newtonian) proper mass due to the non-linear couplings in the theory. A few examples of sources with different density profiles are explicitly reanal- ysed in this framework.