How different multi-level and multi-actor arrangements impact policy implementation: Evidence from EU regional policy

While the implementation through Multi-level Governance (MLG) has often been found to have achieved limited success, the literature agrees that further studies are required to investigate if and how different MLG systems impact policy implementation. By collecting data from the implementation of four EU regional development programs, characterized by distinct organizational and institutional arrangements, this article adopts a performance-oriented approach to EU implementation in order to support or challenge the conventional assumptions about the expected benefits of MLG. Our data suggests that effective MLG needs a central coordinating authority that has the power to: enforce decentralized actors’ compliance, mobilize the implementation bodies, and, provide actors with adequate organizational structures and the resources that they lack.