The SPR appeared in the scientific literature at the beginning of the 1980s (SHERRATT 1981; Id 1983) when Sherratt proposed a theoretical model to analyse the economic, political and social changes that occurred between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East and in Europe: the driving force behind these changes is identified in a changed human approach to the exploitation of the animal resource, no longer bred to be slaughtered as a source of primary products (meat, skin and bone), but kept alive to provide a range of secondary products (milk, wool, labour power) that do not involve killing the animal. The force of Sherratt's model lies in the fact that the series of innovations he considered in the SPR model "spread and interacted with each other so as to cause major economic changes" (SHERRATT 1981, p. 183). The change of scale in the exploitation of the animal resource results in a strong intensification of agricultural production and likewise of the mobility of goods and people: the animal-drawn plough makes sustainable the working of a series of lands previously considered too poor and thus leads to an expansion of the occupied areas. At the same time the adoption of the cart makes it possible to reach areas which were previously unreachable and to establish a system of long-range trade for specialised productions (wool, metallurgy...). The more rapid cycle of utilisation of agricultural areas also left sufficient fallow land available for pastoralism, which was becoming increasingly important. Phenomena that had begun to emerge in the earlier millennia with the domestication of plants and animals, only now underwent a leap in magnitude: and it is precisely this that characterises the SPR. It is therefore not a matter of investigating the places and times when milk, wool, ploughs, carts, etc. were first attested, rather of trying to understand how much the combination of these factors led to the appearance of those phenomena of deforestation, expansion of settled areas, increase in cultivated and grazed areas, increase in population that, in a continuous and constant biunivocal relationship with each other, allowed the rise of that system of production and exchange of products that “marked the birth of the kinds of society characteristic of modern Eurasia” (SHERRATT 1983). Although we now know that the exploitation of milk certainly predates Sherratt's hypothesis, it is the formation of a “package of products” that we wish to focus on here. From this point of view, therefore, we agree with the idea of “big workshop, where the first experiments were carried out with those technologies and practices that were later perfected and used in the Bronze Age with a scale jump.” (RAPI 2013, p. 526; English translation by the author). In this methodological framework, the origin and diffusion of the different “products” in Europe and Italy will be analysed, and an attempt will then be made to grasp the moment in which they became part of a system.

La RPS appare nella letteratura scientifica agli inizi degli anni ‘80 del secolo scorso (SHERRATT 1981; Id 1983) e con essa Sherratt propone un modello teorico per analizzare i cambiamenti a livello economico, politico e sociale che si possono riscontrare tra la fine del Neolitico e l’inizio dell’età del Bronzo nel Vicino Oriente ed in Europa: il motore di questi cambiamenti viene individuato in un mutato approccio dell’uomo nei confronti dello sfruttamento della risorsa animale, non più allevata per essere fonte di prodotti primari (carne, pelle e ossa) a seguito della macellazione, ma tenuta in vita per fornire una serie di prodotti secondari (latte, lana, forza lavoro) che non comportano l’uccisione dell’animale. La forza del modello di Sherratt risiede infatti nel sottolineare che la serie di innovazioni da lui considerate nel modello della RPS “spread and interacted with each other so as to cause major economic changes” (SHERRATT 1981, p. 183). Il cambio di scala sullo sfruttamento della risorsa animale ha come risultato una forte intensificazione della produzione agricola e parimenti della mobilità di merci e di genti: l’aratro a trazione animale rende sostenibile la lavorazione di una serie di terreni prima considerati troppo poveri e porta quindi ad un’espansione delle aree occupate e allo stesso tempo l’adozione del carro o delle bestie da soma rende possibile raggiungere aree prima impensabili e stabilire un sistema di scambi su lungo raggio per produzioni specializzate (lana, metallurgia...). Il più rapido ciclo di utilizzo delle aree agricole lascia poi sufficienti aree di maggese a disposizione di una pastorizia che acquista sempre maggiore importanza. Fenomeni che si erano cominciati a delineare millenni prima con la domesticazione di piante ed animali ma che solo ora subiscono un salto di magnitudo: ed è proprio questo che caratterizza la RPS. Non si tratta quindi di indagare i luoghi ed i tempi della prima attestazione di latte, lana, aratro, carri, ecc., bensì si deve provare a capire quanto l'insieme di questi fattori porti alla comparsa di quei fenomeni di deforestazione, espansione delle aree insediate, aumento delle aree coltivate e adibite a pascolo, incremento della popolazione che, in continua e costante relazione biunivoca le une con le altre hanno permesso il sorgere di quel sistema di produzione e scambio di prodotti che “marked the birth of the kinds of society characteristic of modern Eurasia” (SHERRATT 1983). Nonostante si sappia ora che lo sfruttamento del latte è di sicuro anteriore a quanto ipotizzato da Sherratt, è il formarsi di un “pacchetto di prodotti” che in questa sede si vuole porre al centro dell’attenzione. In quest’ottica quindi si concorda con l’idea di “pensare all’età del Rame come a una sorta di “grande officina” ove avvenne la prima sperimentazione di quelle tecnologie e di quelle pratiche che nell’età del Bronzo furono poi perfezionate e impiegate con un salto di scala” (RAPI 2013, p. 526). In questo quadro metodologico si analizzeranno l’origine e la diffusione dei diversi “prodotti” in Europa ed in Italia e si cercherà poi di cogliere il momento in cui questi entrino a sistema.

The Secondary Product Revolution: a Model for the Understanding of Population Dynamics in Northern Italy between the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age / Cristiano Putzolu. - In: IPOTESI DI PREISTORIA. - ISSN 1974-7985. - ELETTRONICO. - 14:1(2021), pp. 123-142. [10.6092/issn.1974-7985/14334]

The Secondary Product Revolution: a Model for the Understanding of Population Dynamics in Northern Italy between the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age

Cristiano Putzolu
2021

Abstract

The SPR appeared in the scientific literature at the beginning of the 1980s (SHERRATT 1981; Id 1983) when Sherratt proposed a theoretical model to analyse the economic, political and social changes that occurred between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East and in Europe: the driving force behind these changes is identified in a changed human approach to the exploitation of the animal resource, no longer bred to be slaughtered as a source of primary products (meat, skin and bone), but kept alive to provide a range of secondary products (milk, wool, labour power) that do not involve killing the animal. The force of Sherratt's model lies in the fact that the series of innovations he considered in the SPR model "spread and interacted with each other so as to cause major economic changes" (SHERRATT 1981, p. 183). The change of scale in the exploitation of the animal resource results in a strong intensification of agricultural production and likewise of the mobility of goods and people: the animal-drawn plough makes sustainable the working of a series of lands previously considered too poor and thus leads to an expansion of the occupied areas. At the same time the adoption of the cart makes it possible to reach areas which were previously unreachable and to establish a system of long-range trade for specialised productions (wool, metallurgy...). The more rapid cycle of utilisation of agricultural areas also left sufficient fallow land available for pastoralism, which was becoming increasingly important. Phenomena that had begun to emerge in the earlier millennia with the domestication of plants and animals, only now underwent a leap in magnitude: and it is precisely this that characterises the SPR. It is therefore not a matter of investigating the places and times when milk, wool, ploughs, carts, etc. were first attested, rather of trying to understand how much the combination of these factors led to the appearance of those phenomena of deforestation, expansion of settled areas, increase in cultivated and grazed areas, increase in population that, in a continuous and constant biunivocal relationship with each other, allowed the rise of that system of production and exchange of products that “marked the birth of the kinds of society characteristic of modern Eurasia” (SHERRATT 1983). Although we now know that the exploitation of milk certainly predates Sherratt's hypothesis, it is the formation of a “package of products” that we wish to focus on here. From this point of view, therefore, we agree with the idea of “big workshop, where the first experiments were carried out with those technologies and practices that were later perfected and used in the Bronze Age with a scale jump.” (RAPI 2013, p. 526; English translation by the author). In this methodological framework, the origin and diffusion of the different “products” in Europe and Italy will be analysed, and an attempt will then be made to grasp the moment in which they became part of a system.
2021
The Secondary Product Revolution: a Model for the Understanding of Population Dynamics in Northern Italy between the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age / Cristiano Putzolu. - In: IPOTESI DI PREISTORIA. - ISSN 1974-7985. - ELETTRONICO. - 14:1(2021), pp. 123-142. [10.6092/issn.1974-7985/14334]
Cristiano Putzolu
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/854219
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