In the city of Krasnodar, capital of the Russian Kuban´, a very special public trial took place from 10 to 24 October 1963. Its nine defendants embodied the darkest aspects of the Second World War in the USSR. Former auxiliary members and officers of Sonderkommando 10-a, they had taken part in the extreme violence committed by this subunit of Einsatzgruppe D, a paramilitary group in charge of the “cleansing” of southern Ukraine and Russia in the wake of the Wehrmacht. The echo given to this trial clearly distinguishes it from the dozens of other trials held throughout the Soviet Union after the 1955 partial amnesty of collaborators, and from trials in the south of the RSFSR more specifically. Numerous articles in the local and central press, a radio broadcast, a documentary film (In the Name of the Living), a best-selling book (The Abyss), and an aborted fiction film project added layers of stories, sounds and images to the story of these nine men, their victims, and the investigators who brought them to justice. The variations in the way the story is told in these various media constitute one of the common threads of the article, which also looks at how these works helped prolong the echo of the Krasnodar trial. The example of the media coverage of the Krasnodar trial goes against several preconceived ideas about the relationship between arts professionals and the police and judiciary. It confirms that artists sometimes enjoyed a margin of freedom during the Thaw and some time beyond. It illustrates various ways of filming a trial (1963 and 1965) and more still the wide array of renditions of court proceedings, from a live broadcast in the urban space to an engagé author’s highly literary short story. This case also shows how the same artist conveyed his vision of the trial depending on whether he was acting as a journalist, a screenwriter or author. The study confirms the importance of the political resources available to the various actors in this story between 1963 and 1967 with regard to the limits of the speakable and the demonstrable. The crucial role of a very committed artist, Lev Ginzburg, overcame great institutional and ideological resistance until the writer finally paid the price for his commitment. Ginzburg’s extremely daring depiction of wartime collaboration and – quite atypically – of Nazi ideology and the Holocaust makes his works singular, privileged though he was in literary circles. Last, it should be stressed that the intensity of the media coverage of this trial, Ginzburg’s particular role in German-Soviet relations, and the confidential steps taken in parallel by the Prosecutor-General of the USSR undoubtedly contributed to the (re)opening in the West of investigations of Germans involved in the crimes of Sonderkommando 10a and to their trial in West Germany between 1972 and 1980.

Nella città di Krasnodar, capitale del Kuban russo, dal 10 al 24 ottobre 1963 ebbe luogo un processo pubblico molto speciale. I suoi nove imputati incarnavano gli aspetti più oscuri della Seconda Guerra Mondiale in URSS. Ex membri ausiliari e ufficiali del Sonderkommando 10-a, avevano partecipato alle estreme violenze commesse da questa sottounità dell'Einsatzgruppe D, un gruppo paramilitare incaricato della "pulizia" dell'Ucraina meridionale e della Russia al seguito della Wehrmacht. L'eco data a questo processo lo distingue chiaramente dalle decine di altri processi tenuti in tutta l'Unione Sovietica dopo l'amnistia parziale dei collaboratori del 1955, e dai processi nel sud della RSFSR più specificamente. Numerosi articoli sulla stampa locale e centrale, una trasmissione radiofonica, un film documentario (In the Name of the Living), un libro best-seller (The Abyss) e un progetto di film di finzione abortito hanno aggiunto strati di storie, suoni e immagini alla storia di questi nove uomini, delle loro vittime e degli investigatori che li hanno consegnati alla giustizia. Le variazioni nel modo in cui la storia viene raccontata in questi vari media costituiscono uno dei fili conduttori dell'articolo, che esamina anche come queste opere abbiano contribuito a prolungare l'eco del processo di Krasnodar. L'esempio della copertura mediatica del processo di Krasnodar va contro diverse idee preconcette sul rapporto tra i professionisti dell'arte e la polizia e la magistratura. Conferma che gli artisti hanno talvolta goduto di un margine di libertà durante il disgelo e qualche tempo dopo. Illustra vari modi di filmare un processo (1963 e 1965) e ancora di più la vasta gamma di interpretazioni dei procedimenti giudiziari, da una trasmissione in diretta nello spazio urbano al racconto altamente letterario di un autore engagé. Questo caso mostra anche come lo stesso artista trasmetteva la sua visione del processo a seconda che agisse come giornalista, sceneggiatore o autore. Lo studio conferma l'importanza delle risorse politiche a disposizione dei diversi attori di questa storia tra il 1963 e il 1967 per quanto riguarda i limiti del dicibile e del dimostrabile. Il ruolo cruciale di un artista molto impegnato, Lev Ginzburg, ha superato una grande resistenza istituzionale e ideologica, finché lo scrittore ha finalmente pagato il prezzo del suo impegno. La rappresentazione estremamente audace da parte di Ginzburg della collaborazione in tempo di guerra e - in modo del tutto atipico - dell'ideologia nazista e dell'Olocausto rende le sue opere singolari, per quanto egli fosse privilegiato negli ambienti letterari. Infine, va sottolineato che l'intensità della copertura mediatica di questo processo, il ruolo particolare di Ginzburg nelle relazioni tedesco-sovietiche, e i passi riservati fatti in parallelo dal procuratore generale dell'URSS hanno senza dubbio contribuito alla (ri)apertura in Occidente delle indagini sui tedeschi coinvolti nei crimini del Sonderkommando 10a e al loro processo in Germania occidentale tra il 1972 e il 1980.

The 1963 Krasnodar Trial. Extraordinary Media Coverage for an Ordinary Soviet Trial of Second World War Perpetrators / Vanessa Voisin. - In: CAHIERS DU MONDE RUSSE. - ISSN 1252-6576. - STAMPA. - 61:3-4(2020), pp. 383-428. [10.4000/monderusse.12031]

The 1963 Krasnodar Trial. Extraordinary Media Coverage for an Ordinary Soviet Trial of Second World War Perpetrators

Vanessa Voisin
2020

Abstract

In the city of Krasnodar, capital of the Russian Kuban´, a very special public trial took place from 10 to 24 October 1963. Its nine defendants embodied the darkest aspects of the Second World War in the USSR. Former auxiliary members and officers of Sonderkommando 10-a, they had taken part in the extreme violence committed by this subunit of Einsatzgruppe D, a paramilitary group in charge of the “cleansing” of southern Ukraine and Russia in the wake of the Wehrmacht. The echo given to this trial clearly distinguishes it from the dozens of other trials held throughout the Soviet Union after the 1955 partial amnesty of collaborators, and from trials in the south of the RSFSR more specifically. Numerous articles in the local and central press, a radio broadcast, a documentary film (In the Name of the Living), a best-selling book (The Abyss), and an aborted fiction film project added layers of stories, sounds and images to the story of these nine men, their victims, and the investigators who brought them to justice. The variations in the way the story is told in these various media constitute one of the common threads of the article, which also looks at how these works helped prolong the echo of the Krasnodar trial. The example of the media coverage of the Krasnodar trial goes against several preconceived ideas about the relationship between arts professionals and the police and judiciary. It confirms that artists sometimes enjoyed a margin of freedom during the Thaw and some time beyond. It illustrates various ways of filming a trial (1963 and 1965) and more still the wide array of renditions of court proceedings, from a live broadcast in the urban space to an engagé author’s highly literary short story. This case also shows how the same artist conveyed his vision of the trial depending on whether he was acting as a journalist, a screenwriter or author. The study confirms the importance of the political resources available to the various actors in this story between 1963 and 1967 with regard to the limits of the speakable and the demonstrable. The crucial role of a very committed artist, Lev Ginzburg, overcame great institutional and ideological resistance until the writer finally paid the price for his commitment. Ginzburg’s extremely daring depiction of wartime collaboration and – quite atypically – of Nazi ideology and the Holocaust makes his works singular, privileged though he was in literary circles. Last, it should be stressed that the intensity of the media coverage of this trial, Ginzburg’s particular role in German-Soviet relations, and the confidential steps taken in parallel by the Prosecutor-General of the USSR undoubtedly contributed to the (re)opening in the West of investigations of Germans involved in the crimes of Sonderkommando 10a and to their trial in West Germany between 1972 and 1980.
2020
The 1963 Krasnodar Trial. Extraordinary Media Coverage for an Ordinary Soviet Trial of Second World War Perpetrators / Vanessa Voisin. - In: CAHIERS DU MONDE RUSSE. - ISSN 1252-6576. - STAMPA. - 61:3-4(2020), pp. 383-428. [10.4000/monderusse.12031]
Vanessa Voisin
File in questo prodotto:
Eventuali allegati, non sono esposti

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/826707
 Attenzione

Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo

Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus 1
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 1
social impact