Fédéralisme, identités nationales et critique des frontières naturelles: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) géographe des « États-Unis d’Europe »

This paper addresses the 'geographicity ' of the works of the famous philosopher Pierre- Joseph Proudhon, drawing on the critical frame of present studies on the relationship between geography and anarchism , a political theory which includes Proudhon among its founders. Drawing on his published and unpublished texts, we interrogate Proudhon's relation with geography , mainly through his approaches to federalism and to the problem of nationalities. Within the m am moth Proudhon's corpus, we focus on the em blem atic exam ples of his federalist writings on Italy and Poland. In a wide docum entary appendix, we publish for the first time the chapter "Political Geography " from Proudhon's unpublished monograph on Poland, whose manuscript version survives in the Besançon public library.