PET imaging in urology: a rapidly growing successful collaboration.

Purpose of review: To discuss and highlight the recent findings in urological oncology focusing on nuclear medicine advances on imaging and therapy. Recent findings: Testicular tumors: F-FDG as the standard positron emission tomography (PET) tracer with proven good accuracy in detecting metastatic testicular cancer; urothelial cancer: good accuracy of F-FDG PET in detecting distant metastases but poor results in detecting local disease; prostate cancer: prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a promising target for imaging prostate cancer with unprecedented accuracy in both staging and restaging and prospective studies were recently published. In castration-resistant prostate cancer, PSMA-targeting radionuclide therapy is showing potential as a curative possibility (e.g. using Lu-PSMA); renal cell cancer (RCC): besides FDG other PET radiotracers are under clinical evaluation (e.g. antibody-based molecular imaging, metabolic radiotracers and PSMA-based tracers). PSMA-based imaging may have applications in staging clear-cell RCC and in the selection and in the antiangiogenic treatment's response assessment. Possible role of PSMA-targeting radionuclide therapy? Summary: In urological oncology, the use of F-FDG has been limited by a generally low tumor uptake and physiological F-FDG excretion by the urinary system. Other radiotracers are increasing the urologist's portfolio allowing imaging of several biochemical pathways. Theragnostic possibilities are also under investigation thanks to PSMA-based tracers.