Physiological and environmental control on ecosystem water use efficiency in response to drought across the northern hemisphere

Drought, a natural hydrometeorological phenomenon, has been more frequent and more widespread due to climate change. Water availability strongly regulates the coupling (or trade-off) between carbon uptake via photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration, known as water-use efficiency (WUE). Understanding the effects of drought on WUE across different vegetation types and along the wet to dry gradient is paramount to achieving better understanding of ecosystem functioning in response to climate change. We explored the physiological and environmental control on ecosystem WUE in response to drought using observations for 44 eddy covariance flux sites in the Northern Hemisphere. We quantified the response of WUE to drought and the relative contributions of gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) to the variations of WUE. We also examined the control of physiological and environmental factors on monthly WUE under different moisture conditions. Cropland had a peak WUE value under moderate drought conditions, while grassland, deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF), and evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) had peak WUE under slight drought conditions. WUE was mainly driven by GPP for cropland, grassland, DBF, and ENF but was mainly driven by ET for EBF. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and canopy conductance (Gc) were the most important factors regulating WUE. Moreover, WUE had negative responses to air temperature, precipitation, and VPD but had a positive response to Gc and ecosystem respiration. Our findings highlight the different effects of biotic and abiotic factors on WUE among different vegetation types and the important roles of VPD and Gc in controlling ecosystem WUE in response to drought.