Drivers of Cooperative Innovation between Business and Science. The Case of Germany.

We examine the determinants of innovation cooperation in general, and with science in particular. First, we focus on innovative firms: the ones that may decide to cooperate in innovation. Second, the cooperation with science is only defined for firms which decide to cooperate. A trivariate model with double sample selection is estimated to address the potential bias due to self-selected subsamples. The results show that innovative firms that cooperate with science have a better in-house capability, are larger, and receive more R&D support than innovators that cooperate with other partners. Furthermore, their probability of cooperating with science increases with the level of protection.