本文旨在对标准汉语中否定情态词的使用机制进行语义解释。基于情态补充法(modal suppletion )与否定移位策略(negation placement)的概念 (de Haan 1997),笔者阐释到: (i) 在否定形式中,情态词显示其最典型的意义 (prominent meaning); (ii) 该典型意义表现语义来源的取向(Hsieh 2005),来源的取向有三种情况:(situation oriented)。情况取向的情态词可以用来代替说话者取向的,并且在一些例子中,也可以取代主语取向的情态标记; (iii) 有些情态词可以是不止一个情态的典型标记(Li 2003:176), 否定情态词只有在不产生语用冲突的情况下,才能具有不同的情态意义(也就是说,当没有什么可做或必须做的歧义的时候)。换言而之,一些情态词同时具有认知和非认知情态的典型意义。 总体上来说,当一个情态句子被转化为否定形式时,如果该情态词不是其所在的情态类别里的典型标记,这时将用补充形式代替。一些情态词,为了转化为非突出的情态语义,可以进行否定移位的策略。必然情态词(anankastic modals) 即使使用其典型意义,也将出现补充法的现象。在这种情况下,否定标记属于其词义单元的一部分,这证实了Teng(1973)的local-neg模型。笔者将其称为专业的补充法(specialized suppletion)。 基于语义来源的取向的概念(Hsieh 2005),笔者阐释了道义情态属于说话者取向,而必然情态属于情况取向。除此之外,对于非认知情态, 补充情态现象在必要性层面里有语用冲突的特征,在可能性的层面里有语义融合的特征。对于前者,为了避免在规范性意义上出现歧义,否定情态词承载着一个具体的规范概念 (“禁止”与 “豁免”,“不应该”与 “不必”,“宽式”与“窄式否定范畴”, “” 与 “” ),这是补充情态和否定位移的运行原理所在。 情态词的宽式否定范畴,例如“应该”反映了其典型情态的特性,道义情态,即“道德上应当”(高1986-1948: 244)。实际上,由“情理”所启发的道德必要不能包含解除义务的理由(即,豁免Exemption),因此不能得到窄式否定范畴的解读 (“”)。另一方面,表达必然情态的“必须”与“事实上的必要”相关,它是对于某个特定情境进行评估后得出的结果,此特定情境可以基于或然情况(contingent situation)或特定目标。只要该或然情况发现某种变化或优先级的改变,这种实际的必要就能很容易付诸东流。因此必然情态的否定式表现窄式的特征(“”),也展示了一个特殊局限的与“”有关的用法,即“必须不”(与“不应该”有相等的解读)。在可能性的层面,可以注意到“不能”的跨模态用法。依靠情况标记的存在,它表达了道义或者动力情态,而此显出一种语义融合,这是因为许可否认(Permission denial)和失败(Failure)的表达被做为不可能性(Impossibility)义域的下位词。同样,“能不”即可以表示否定的许可(Permission not to, 道义情态)也可以表示克制的能力 (Ability to refrain from, 动力情态)。所有这些例子都表明了情况取向是说话者与主语取向的上位词。 否定情态词允准不同的意义的时,将出现以下任一情况: (1)Logical equivalence:当歧义存在于逻辑上相等的成分之间,比如说“能不”作为否定的能力(Possibility not to)和克制的能力的突出标记使用时; (2)Hypernym/hyponym relationship: 当歧义存在于上位词与下位词关系的情态中,前者是后者的补充形式,但后者不能是前者的补充形式(比如说“不能”与“不可以”); (3)Lack of pragmatic conflict:当歧义存在于认知和道义解读之间,前者只表达对命题真值的判断,并不说明什么应该或不能被做(换言之,它们的规范性意义是空白的)。

This paper aims at providing a semantic account of the mechanism informing the use of negative modals in standard Chinese. Based on the notion of modal suppletion and negation placement strategies (de Haan 1997), it will be shown that: (i) in the negative form each modal takes on its prominent value; (ii) this prominent modal value displays the normative source orientation (Hsieh 2005), where the Situation-oriented normative source can include the Speaker-oriented normative source and, in particular cases in the domain of Possibility, also the Subject-oriented one; (iii) a negative modal admits different modal meanings only if there is no pragmatic conflict between them, as in the case of epistemic and nonepistemic modalities. Moreover, I will show that in non-epistemic modalities the suppletion mechanism is related to the need for normative disambiguation and is characterized by pragmatic exclusion and semantic inclusion (respectively in the Necessity and Possibility domains). In the epistemic area, on the other hand, the mandatory suppletion of the Speaker-oriented adverbs fulfills the condition of semantic well-formedness of the sentence and, for the other epistemic items, a major role is played by the strategy of negation placement (with the result that the syntactic negation mirrors the semantic property of this modality).

Modals and negation: A semantic explanation of the modal suppletion strategy in Chinese

Sparvoli, Carlotta
2015

Abstract

This paper aims at providing a semantic account of the mechanism informing the use of negative modals in standard Chinese. Based on the notion of modal suppletion and negation placement strategies (de Haan 1997), it will be shown that: (i) in the negative form each modal takes on its prominent value; (ii) this prominent modal value displays the normative source orientation (Hsieh 2005), where the Situation-oriented normative source can include the Speaker-oriented normative source and, in particular cases in the domain of Possibility, also the Subject-oriented one; (iii) a negative modal admits different modal meanings only if there is no pragmatic conflict between them, as in the case of epistemic and nonepistemic modalities. Moreover, I will show that in non-epistemic modalities the suppletion mechanism is related to the need for normative disambiguation and is characterized by pragmatic exclusion and semantic inclusion (respectively in the Necessity and Possibility domains). In the epistemic area, on the other hand, the mandatory suppletion of the Speaker-oriented adverbs fulfills the condition of semantic well-formedness of the sentence and, for the other epistemic items, a major role is played by the strategy of negation placement (with the result that the syntactic negation mirrors the semantic property of this modality).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/782222
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