Among the fundamental rights that have been compressed in an attempt to contain the COVID-19 epidemic, particularly problematic issues emerge with regard to religious freedom. In fact, the restrictions laid down in the emergency legislation collide with the guarantees provided both for a general exercise of worship, on a constitutional – namely in article 19 – and on a European level – with respect to article 9 of the ECHR and to the principle of proportionality developed by its Court –, and for the peculiarities safeguarded by the concordatarian principle. As for the relations between the State and the Catholic Church, the complexity is made clear by the comparison with the precept of the sovereignty and the independence of each institution within its own order – which is stated with identical wording by the Constitution and the Concordat –: in the light of such a parameter and of its consequences, that are summarized by the same Agreement in the recognition of the full freedom of organization and of the public exercise of worship, the instructions of the decrees issued until now risk representing an intrusion of the State in the prerogatives of the ecclesiastical authority. Even though such a juridical con ict exploded on an institutional level only after the reaction opposed by the Italian Bishops Conference to the Decree of the Prime Minister of April 26, it was nonetheless latent during the ‘phase 1’ and its speci c expressions give us the possibility to evaluate the legitimacy of the measure adopted under the lens of the three layers of protection already mentioned. In this sense, the clearest example is represented by the preliminary matter of the limits imposed on the access to sacred places, but it certainly is not the only one. In the same perspective, other issues are therefore taken into account, like the ones concerning the responsibility of faithful and ministries in case of resistance to the prohibitions, by verifying whether the religious factor can represent the basis for a justi cation, as well as those regarding the interruption of religious functions (a case that is addressed in criminal law because of its seriousness, at article 405 of the Penal code): in fact, such circumstances have become frequent by the hand of the public force, despite article 5 of the Concordat explicitly forbidding it, unless strict conditions occur.

Tra i diritti fondamentali che hanno subito compressioni nel tentativo di contenere l’epidemia di COVID-19, pro li particolarmente problematici emergono riguardo alla libertà religiosa. Le restrizioni predisposte dalla normativa di emergenza si scontrano infatti con le garanzie previste tanto per la generale espressione del culto, sia a livello costituzionale – principalmente all’art. 19 – sia europeo – con riferimento all’art. 9 CEDU e al principio di proporzionalità elaborato dalla relativa Corte –, quanto per le speci cità salvaguardate per mezzo dello strumento pattizio. Nei rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa cattolica, la complessità è resa evidente dal confronto con l’assunto – enunciato con identica formulazione da Costituzione e Concordato – della sovranità e indipendenza dei rispettivi ordini: alla luce di tale criterio e delle sue estrinsecazioni, declinate dal medesimo Accordo nel riconoscimento alla Chiesa della piena libertà di organizzazione e di pubblico esercizio del culto, le disposizioni dei decreti nora succedutisi rischiano di con gurare uno scon namento del potere statale nelle prerogative proprie dell’autorità ecclesiastica. Tale con itto giuridico, seppur esploso sul piano istituzionale solo con la reazione opposta dalla CEI al d.p.c.m. del 26 aprile, era peraltro già latente nella ‘fase 1’ e le sue manifestazioni puntuali permettono perciò di vagliare la legittimità delle misure adottate sotto la lente del triplice ordine delle tutele menzionate. L’esempio più immediato in questo senso è rappresentato dalla questione preliminare dei limiti posti all’accesso ai luoghi sacri, ma esso non è certamente l’unico. Nella stessa prospettiva, vengono quindi presi in considerazione anche i pro li relativi alla responsabilità di fedeli e di ministri di culto in caso di resistenza ai divieti, veri cando se per queste peculiari forme di ‘obiezione di coscienza’ il fattore religioso possa costituire il presupposto per una causa di giusti cazione, nonché quelli attinenti all’interruzione delle funzioni religiose (fattispecie che per la sua gravità è contemplata pure dalla norma penale, all’art. 405 c.p.): quest’ultima eventualità è infatti divenuta ricorrente ad opera della forza pubblica, nonostante l’art. 5 del Concordato la vieti espressamente se non a stringenti condizioni.

Tomer, A. (2020). Libertà religiosa tra pandemia e garanzie costituzionali, sovranazionali e pattizie. Profili problematici nell'approccio della normativa di emergenza. AMBIENTEDIRITTO.IT, XX(3), 320-340.

Libertà religiosa tra pandemia e garanzie costituzionali, sovranazionali e pattizie. Profili problematici nell'approccio della normativa di emergenza

Tomer, Alberto
2020

Abstract

Among the fundamental rights that have been compressed in an attempt to contain the COVID-19 epidemic, particularly problematic issues emerge with regard to religious freedom. In fact, the restrictions laid down in the emergency legislation collide with the guarantees provided both for a general exercise of worship, on a constitutional – namely in article 19 – and on a European level – with respect to article 9 of the ECHR and to the principle of proportionality developed by its Court –, and for the peculiarities safeguarded by the concordatarian principle. As for the relations between the State and the Catholic Church, the complexity is made clear by the comparison with the precept of the sovereignty and the independence of each institution within its own order – which is stated with identical wording by the Constitution and the Concordat –: in the light of such a parameter and of its consequences, that are summarized by the same Agreement in the recognition of the full freedom of organization and of the public exercise of worship, the instructions of the decrees issued until now risk representing an intrusion of the State in the prerogatives of the ecclesiastical authority. Even though such a juridical con ict exploded on an institutional level only after the reaction opposed by the Italian Bishops Conference to the Decree of the Prime Minister of April 26, it was nonetheless latent during the ‘phase 1’ and its speci c expressions give us the possibility to evaluate the legitimacy of the measure adopted under the lens of the three layers of protection already mentioned. In this sense, the clearest example is represented by the preliminary matter of the limits imposed on the access to sacred places, but it certainly is not the only one. In the same perspective, other issues are therefore taken into account, like the ones concerning the responsibility of faithful and ministries in case of resistance to the prohibitions, by verifying whether the religious factor can represent the basis for a justi cation, as well as those regarding the interruption of religious functions (a case that is addressed in criminal law because of its seriousness, at article 405 of the Penal code): in fact, such circumstances have become frequent by the hand of the public force, despite article 5 of the Concordat explicitly forbidding it, unless strict conditions occur.
2020
Tomer, A. (2020). Libertà religiosa tra pandemia e garanzie costituzionali, sovranazionali e pattizie. Profili problematici nell'approccio della normativa di emergenza. AMBIENTEDIRITTO.IT, XX(3), 320-340.
Tomer, Alberto
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/773117
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