Immigration, ethnic diversity and voting: the role of individual income

We exploit a unique panel dataset merging data on individual socio-economic characteristics and individual turnout in an Italian municipality to investigate the relationship between ethnic diversity in residential neighborhoods and propensity to vote. Using these data, we document for the rst time a dierential eect of diversity on electoral turnout depending on household equivalent income. Specifically, we show that ethnic diversity in the neighborhood reduces the political participation of the poor, while it fosters that of the more auent. These results high- light a potential democratic de cit stemming from reduced and unequal electoral turnout in increasingly heterogeneous neighborhoods.