The article tries to seize the role of the Second World War in the evolution of the criteria that defined the good communist. This evolution completed a shift initiated in the 1930s from genealogical criteria (social origin, political past...) to criteria focused on the communist’s inner “self.” First, the author examines the launching and mechanisms of the purge from 1942 to the immediate postwar years, at the national level as well as that of a region whose liberation started early in the war. For Moscow, the purge was a top priority despite the lack of activists in liberated territory. However, there was some misunderstanding between the various levels of authority about the criteria of censure, expulsion or reinstatement. The second part of the article examines these criteria and their meaning in the history of Soviet Party purges. Some communists were punished for the same motives that triggered judicial prosecution, whereas others were heavily censured although their acts were not considered as crimes in the penal system. The deep meaning of the purge lies in this second set of criteria: for Party members, the Second World War was indeed the “Armageddon of Revolution” (A. Weiner). It revived the original values of the good Bolshevik (fighting spirit and sense of sacrifice for the collective project) while confirming the new method of appraising Party members by scrutinizing their intimate conscience, supposedly revealed by their acts. At the same time, the ordeal did not only test communist pugnacity: more broadly, it questioned sincerity and devotion to the Party. This broader viewpoint preserved some members despite their sojourn in occupied territory. However, it deeply shook Party structures just when the latter were central to the restoration of control over society.

L'articolo cerca di cogliere il ruolo della Seconda Guerra Mondiale nell'evoluzione dei criteri che definivano il buon comunista. Questa evoluzione completò uno spostamento iniziato negli anni '30 da criteri genealogici (origine sociale, passato politico...) a criteri incentrati sul "sé" interiore del comunista. In primo luogo, l'autore esamina il lancio e i meccanismi dell'epurazione dal 1942 all'immediato dopoguerra, sia a livello nazionale che a livello di una regione la cui liberazione era iniziata all'inizio della guerra. Per Mosca, l'epurazione era una priorità assoluta, nonostante la mancanza di attivisti nel territorio liberato. Tuttavia, c'era una certa incomprensione tra i vari livelli di autorità sui criteri di censura, espulsione o reintegrazione. La seconda parte dell'articolo esamina questi criteri e il loro significato nella storia delle epurazioni del partito sovietico. Alcuni comunisti sono stati puniti per gli stessi motivi che hanno innescato l'azione giudiziaria, mentre altri sono stati pesantemente censurati anche se i loro atti non erano considerati come crimini nel sistema penale. Il significato profondo dell'epurazione risiede in questa seconda serie di criteri: per i membri del partito, la seconda guerra mondiale fu davvero l'"Armageddon della rivoluzione" (A. Weiner). Essa faceva rivivere i valori originari del buon bolscevico (spirito combattivo e senso del sacrificio per il progetto collettivo) e confermava il nuovo metodo di valutazione dei membri del partito attraverso l'esame della loro coscienza intima, che si supponeva rivelata dai loro atti. Allo stesso tempo, la prova non metteva alla prova solo la combattività comunista: più in generale, metteva in discussione la sincerità e la devozione al Partito. Questo punto di vista più ampio preservò alcuni membri nonostante il loro soggiorno in territorio occupato. Tuttavia, scosse profondamente le strutture del Partito proprio quando queste erano centrali per il ripristino del controllo sulla società.

Caught between war repressions and party purge: The loyalty of Kalinin Party members put to the test of the Second World War / Vanessa Voisin. - In: CAHIERS DU MONDE RUSSE. - ISSN 1252-6576. - STAMPA. - 52:2-3(2011), pp. 341-371. [10.4000/monderusse.9338]

Caught between war repressions and party purge: The loyalty of Kalinin Party members put to the test of the Second World War

Vanessa Voisin
2011

Abstract

The article tries to seize the role of the Second World War in the evolution of the criteria that defined the good communist. This evolution completed a shift initiated in the 1930s from genealogical criteria (social origin, political past...) to criteria focused on the communist’s inner “self.” First, the author examines the launching and mechanisms of the purge from 1942 to the immediate postwar years, at the national level as well as that of a region whose liberation started early in the war. For Moscow, the purge was a top priority despite the lack of activists in liberated territory. However, there was some misunderstanding between the various levels of authority about the criteria of censure, expulsion or reinstatement. The second part of the article examines these criteria and their meaning in the history of Soviet Party purges. Some communists were punished for the same motives that triggered judicial prosecution, whereas others were heavily censured although their acts were not considered as crimes in the penal system. The deep meaning of the purge lies in this second set of criteria: for Party members, the Second World War was indeed the “Armageddon of Revolution” (A. Weiner). It revived the original values of the good Bolshevik (fighting spirit and sense of sacrifice for the collective project) while confirming the new method of appraising Party members by scrutinizing their intimate conscience, supposedly revealed by their acts. At the same time, the ordeal did not only test communist pugnacity: more broadly, it questioned sincerity and devotion to the Party. This broader viewpoint preserved some members despite their sojourn in occupied territory. However, it deeply shook Party structures just when the latter were central to the restoration of control over society.
2011
Caught between war repressions and party purge: The loyalty of Kalinin Party members put to the test of the Second World War / Vanessa Voisin. - In: CAHIERS DU MONDE RUSSE. - ISSN 1252-6576. - STAMPA. - 52:2-3(2011), pp. 341-371. [10.4000/monderusse.9338]
Vanessa Voisin
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/704322
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