A multi-scalar approach for assessing the impact of dams on the cultural heritage in the Middle East and North Africa

This paper provides a detailed assessment on the impact of dams on archaeological sites in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and emphasizes the lack of established protocols for documenting and preserving cultural heritage at the local, national and international level. We considered four case studies at different scales–Turkey, the Euphrates river, the two Aswan dams and the planned Makhuldam–in order to identify different issues related to the construction of dams as well as to propose some best practices forpre-flooding assessment of dam impact on cultural heritage. Our method integrates archaeological and geo-spatial open-access datasets, organized in a GIS environment made available through the online platform http://www.orientlab.net/orientdams/ in order to foster data sharing and research replicability. We have mapped almost 2500 flooded archaeological sites andapproximately 1300 km of ancient rivers submerged by dam reservoirs in the selected case studies across the MENA area. These numbers are actually incomplete, since large portions of the reservoir are as have not been systematically investigated. We conclude by underlining the urgent need forstrategies for the documentation and protection of archaeological sites and monuments in the planning of hydraulic infrastructures at the international, national and local levels, as well as the need for a general operative protocol. Funders of development works, first and foremost the WorldBank, should review their current policies, which do not offer sufficient protection of culturalheritage.