Lead-acid battery modeling over full state of charge and discharge range

The discharge behavior of electrochemical solid state batteries can be conveniently studied by means of electrical analogical models. This paper builds on one of the best known models proposed in the literature for lead-acid electrochemistry (the Ceraolo's model) by formulating an alternative third-order model and implementing a methodology to compute all model parameters (using particle swarm and nonlinear programming optimization) with increased precision and full usability over the whole range of possible states of charge and discharge currents. The developed methodology is used efficiently to model all commercial lead-acid batteries and enable their integration into simulation software for the optimized design of energy systems using energy storage.