A method to evaluate the impact of urbanization on ground temperature evolution at regional scale

Croatian: Zamjena prirodnoga tla i vegetacije s „umjetnim” površinskim objektima ima za posljedicu promjenu temperature okolnoga zraka, ali i tla tijekom cijele godine. Razlozi su tomu neizravno Sunčevo zagrijavanje urbanih građevina, toplinski gubitci objekata te promjene i korištenje samoga tla. Takva pojava naziva se i „otokom urbanoga zagrijavanja” i lakše se opaža tijekom noći kada naselja oslobađaju toplinu nakupljenu tijekom dana. Tijekom dnevnoga razdoblja takva pojava također se dobro opaža u gusto naseljenim gradovima smještenim u pustinjskim i polupustinjskim područjima. U radu je opisana mješovita vjerojatnosno-deterministička metoda za procjenu temperature plitkoga podzemlja. Temelji se na geološkim, hidrogeološkim, klimatskim te urbanim (korelacija prekrivenosti zemljišta i gustoće naseljenosti) podatcima. Načinjeno je kartiranje na odabranoj mreži te su rezultati uspoređeni s temperaturama tla i vodonosnika (dostupni u literaturi). To je napravljeno za nekoliko gradova na Ap eninskome poluotoku i u alpskoj zoni. Provjera je potvrdila kako su rezultati dobro polazište za znatno detaljnije, regionalno kartiranje promjene temperature tla.

The replacement of natural soil and vegetation by artificial surfaces increases temperatures of the surrounding air and subsurface throughout the year, because of indirect solar heating of urban structures, building heat losses and land use change. This phenomenon is called Urban Heat Island and it can be better perceived during the nighttime, when the city releases the heat accumulated during the day. During the daytime, due to relatively small amounts of solar radiation received by the urban surface, especially in high-density cities in arid and semi-arid climates, the Urban Cool Island can be identified as well. The present work illustrates a mixed probabilistic-deterministic method to estimate ground temperature at shallow depths, starting from information on geology, hydrogeology, climate, but also urban presence, through correlations with global land cover and population density. A dedicated mapping on a regular grid has been produced. Results have been compared with ground and aquifer temperature available in literature, for some representative cities of the Italian Peninsula and the Alpine Zone. Preliminary validations are encouraging and can be taken as a starting point for more comprehensive mapping of ground temperature evolution at a regional scale.