Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persistently infects 40-90% of the human population but in the face of a normal immune system, viral spread and dissemination are efficiently controlled thus preventing clinically signs and disease. HCMV-infected hosts produce a remarkably large amount of HCMV-specific CD4+and CD8+T cells that can even reach 20-50% of total T memory cells in the elderly. How HCMV may elicit such large and long-lasting T-cell responses in the absence of detectable viremia has not been elucidated yet. Additionally, HCMV is known to encode several gene products that potently inhibit T-cell recognition of infected cells. The best characterized are the four immune evasive US2, US3, US6, and US11 genes that by different mechanisms account for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II degradation and intracellular retention in infected cells. By infecting M1 and M2 human macrophages (Mψ) with the wild-type HCMV strain TB40E or a mutant virus deleted of the four immune evasive genes US2, US3, US6, and US11, we demonstrated that human Mψ counteract the inhibitory potential of the US2-11 genes and remain capable to present peptides via MHC class I and class II molecules. Moreover, by sorting the infected and bystander cells, we provide evidence that both infected and bystander Mψ contribute to antigen presentation to CD4+and CD8+T cells. The T cells responding to TB40E-infected Mψ show markers of the T effector memory compartment, produce interferon-γ, and express the lytic granule marker CD107a on the cell surface, thus mirroring the HCMV-specific T cells present in healthy seropositive individuals. All together, our findings reveal that human Mψ escape inhibition of MHC-dependent antigen presentation by HCMV and continue to support T cell proliferation and activation after HCMV infection. Taking into account that Mψ are natural targets of HCMV infection and a site of viral reactivation from latency, our findings support the hypothesis that Mψ play crucial roles for the lifelong maintenance and expansion of HCMV-committed T cells in the human host.

Human macrophages escape inhibition of major histocompatibility complex-dependent antigen presentation by cytomegalovirus and drive proliferation and activation of memory CD4+and CD8+T cells

Varani, Stefania;
2018

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persistently infects 40-90% of the human population but in the face of a normal immune system, viral spread and dissemination are efficiently controlled thus preventing clinically signs and disease. HCMV-infected hosts produce a remarkably large amount of HCMV-specific CD4+and CD8+T cells that can even reach 20-50% of total T memory cells in the elderly. How HCMV may elicit such large and long-lasting T-cell responses in the absence of detectable viremia has not been elucidated yet. Additionally, HCMV is known to encode several gene products that potently inhibit T-cell recognition of infected cells. The best characterized are the four immune evasive US2, US3, US6, and US11 genes that by different mechanisms account for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II degradation and intracellular retention in infected cells. By infecting M1 and M2 human macrophages (Mψ) with the wild-type HCMV strain TB40E or a mutant virus deleted of the four immune evasive genes US2, US3, US6, and US11, we demonstrated that human Mψ counteract the inhibitory potential of the US2-11 genes and remain capable to present peptides via MHC class I and class II molecules. Moreover, by sorting the infected and bystander cells, we provide evidence that both infected and bystander Mψ contribute to antigen presentation to CD4+and CD8+T cells. The T cells responding to TB40E-infected Mψ show markers of the T effector memory compartment, produce interferon-γ, and express the lytic granule marker CD107a on the cell surface, thus mirroring the HCMV-specific T cells present in healthy seropositive individuals. All together, our findings reveal that human Mψ escape inhibition of MHC-dependent antigen presentation by HCMV and continue to support T cell proliferation and activation after HCMV infection. Taking into account that Mψ are natural targets of HCMV infection and a site of viral reactivation from latency, our findings support the hypothesis that Mψ play crucial roles for the lifelong maintenance and expansion of HCMV-committed T cells in the human host.
2018
Frascaroli, Giada; Lecher, Carina; Varani, Stefania; Setz, Corinna; van der Merwe, Johannes; Brune, Wolfram; Mertens, Thomas
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11585/636029
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