Being women in a male preserve: an ethnography of female football ultras

This article looks at the characteristics of contemporary sports audiences from the perspective of gender, focusing on the phenomenon of female ultras or ‘professional’ football fans. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in an Italian football ultras group composed of male and female fans, this paper o ers an analysis of female participation in communities of organized supporters. In examining the role and position of women inside the considered group, the paper pays attention to their perception of the existing gender di erences showing how female ultras explain inequalities on the basis of ‘natural’ and ‘innate’ di erences and capacities between men and women. Existing patterns of male dominance are supported by female fans’ own discourses and performance of their gender identity in the ‘male preserve’.Ratherthanquestioningmaledominanceandgenderhierarchies, female supporters’ e orts appear aimed at being recognized as ultras ‘despite being women’.