Etiopathogenesis and pharmacological prevention of a type-2 diabetes model in male mice

We describe a stress-derived type-2 diabetes model in male mice, and formulate new hypotheses on how the model was induced, how diabetes-like alterations were prevented through specific pharmacological treatments, and how its possible neuroendocrine pathogenesis could be hypothesized. Pregnant females arrived in our laboratory on their 14th day of conceptional age. After birth, control mice never showed any apparent behavioral-metabolic-endocrine alterations. However, application of postnatal stress (brief mother deprivation, plus sham injection, daily from birth to weaning), was followed in adult male mice by two series of diabetes-like alterations. Some alterations (e.g., body overweight, immune, neurophysiologic, neurobehavioral alterations) were selectively prevented by opioid antagonist naloxone daily administered during nursing period. The aforementioned alterations plus several others (e.g., hyperglycemia, neuroendocrine alterations) were prevented by administration of specific antisense oligodeoxinucleotide, which modulated synthesis-hyperfunction of proopiomelanocortin-derived corticotropin (ACTH)-corticosterone and endorphins in the pituitary. Surprisingly, together with metabolic alterations, enduring increment of neurophysiologic/neurobehavioral brain performances were observed, accompanied by energy compensative reactions, and brain mitochondria hyperfunction. Thus, increased glycemia/lipidemia appeared to furnish fuel necessary to cope with increased request of energy. Diabeteslike alterations were accompanied by enduring hyperfunction of opioid- and ACTH-corticosterone-endogenous structures in the brain, which were apparently due to failure of negative feedback hormone mechanisms in the pituitary, for the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In conclusion, for the first time we can hypothesize that a diabetes-like syndrome is produced by enduring hyperfunction of two proopiomelanocortin-dependent endogenous systems (brain opioid- and ACTH-corticosterone systems), following failure of pituitary feedback hormonal control, after complex stress procedures.