The proportionality of antitrust fines

An attentive research in the jurisprudence reveals a variety of profiles in which the principle of proportionality is relevant in determining the fines and this circumstance requires a detailed and specific analysis. These profiles are as follows: a) identification of the standard of proportionality of the fines, b) the relationship between proportionality of the fine and the equal treatment of undertakings, c) the role of the principle of proportionality in the event that payment of the fine may lead the failure or the disappearance of the undertaking concerned, d) proportionality and solidarity of the parent company in the payment of the fine imposed on the subsidiary. The article explores these profiles