Trends in electrical machines control: Samples for classical, sensorless, and fault-tolerant techniques

This article has given a significant number of examples of contemporary control techniques for EDs. Of course, many more special machines or specific applications can be investigated as well. However, with IMs, PMSMs, SRMs, and hydrogenerators, the most current industrial applications have been addressed. Most of the presented techniques are not yet fully used in industry and are still under evaluation before diffusion at a large scale in the industry. Therefore, many control techniques, such as FTC schemes, are still under investigation for industrial applications with reliability requirements. Even if there are no standard schemes to implement these modern control techniques, it has been commonly admitted that sensorless and fault-tolerant structures will be used more and more in the future and that they are fully implementable on low-cost digital platforms with a high degree of integration.