Mathematicians in Bologna in the first decades after Annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia

The paper is devoted to an examination of the development of the mathematical sciences in Bologna in the first century after the unification of Italy . This leads to a classification into three periods: 1860-1880 , 1881 - 1938 , 1938-1960 . In fact, the work focuses greater attention to the period 1860-1880. This analysis is completely original and it helps to explain further the very positive developments. The period was so far neglected. A precise analysis of the mathematical activity and the scientific production allows to divide this period into sub - periods. Bologna feels, from the beginning, strongly the influence of the mathematical school of Pavia. So we have a period of high scientific production, but it’s a very short period. In a second time, through exchanges of professors, Bologna has ties tight enough with the mathematics of Cagliari. Unfortunately, this period is short and barely significant for the following mathematical developments. Finally, the problem of the development of Mathematics in Bologna is considered as one of the main problems of the whole university and several scientists who will manage well the School of Application for engineers are called in Bologna. For the most part, these professors come from the University of Modena. In this third period , finally prevails the consciousness of the need for a strong scientific renewal. At last, at the end of 1880 are the young professors Cesare Arzelà and Salvatore Pincherle are called and with them the golden age (in our contemporay age) of Mathematics in Bologna will start again.