Oltra Ripoll, Maria D. (2005). "The translation of cultural references in the cinema". In Branchadell, Albert and Lovell Margaret West (eds.) Less Translated Languages, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 75-91.

Synchronization is one of the major characteristics of dubbing. The author claims that is the translator who must take care of synchronization, as this requires knowledge of source and target language, as well as of translation strategies and techniques, a knowledge not available to other people involved in the process of audiovisual translation. The article offers a review of the different approaches to synchronisation in the Translation Studies literature. Three different types of synchronization are defined and described: lip-sync, kinetic synchrony and isochrony. Finally, the author discusses a series of translational factors relevant to the analysis of synchronization