Covered Stent Implantation for the Treatment of Direct Carotid-Cavernous Fistula and Its Mid-Term Follow-up

Carotid-cavernous fistulas are abnormal arte- riovenous communications either directly be- tween the internal carotid artery and the cav- ernous sinus or between the dural branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. These fistulas predominantly present with ocular man- ifestations and they are treated mainly by en- dovascular techniques in most cases. A detailed review of the literature allowed us to make a complete analysis of the information available on the topic. We describe a case of a direct carotid-cavernous fistula occluded by endovas- cular implantation of a covered stent, showing the persistence of results after three years.