Focus on the Interactive Cooperation Among Mechanotransduction and Biochemical Processes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Development and Possible Adjuvant Role of Retinoic Acid for Its Treatment: A Narrative Review

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) belongs to the group of killer human cancers. Its ferocity is sustained by an unusual mix of genetic changes-primarily in KRAS and TP53-a hypoxic as well as desmoplastic tumor microenvironment, plus metabolic and redox adaptations that allow tumor life amidst intense stress situations. Content: This paper will discuss the molecular networks of wild-type and mutant p53, wild-type and mutant KRAS, PUMA, TIGAR, PRMT5, NRF2, oxygen tension, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress pathways that contribute to pancreatic cancer. It will describe how these factors help set the tumor's redox state and control apoptosis and therapeutic resistance. This shall therefore specifically discuss what role oxygen gradients play in pancreatic tissues, as well as retinoic acid, together with redox-targeted therapies that are specific to vulnerabilities within such types of networks. Summary and Outlook: An understanding of the crosstalk of these molecular pathways will be critical in designing rational therapeutic strategies. Genetics, metabolism, and microenvironmental integration may open a path toward combinatorial therapies that would resensitize PDAC to apoptosis and overcome resistance to current treatments.